Respiratory Physiology I Ch 11

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

two meanings
1. External reparation which involves movement of O2 from environment to cell with movement of co2 in the opposite direction

2. internal respiration which evolves the metabolic processes within cells

Question 2

External Respiration

Answer 2

external respiration is facilted via simple diffusion across the body surface, for larger animals such as humans they need specialized gas exchange surfaces in order to meet high metabolic needs

Question 3

Steps in External respiration

Answer 3

1. Ventilation of respiratory surface
2. diffusion across this specialized surface
3. gas transport in the circulatory system

Question 4

types of Gas exchange surfaces

Answer 4

lungs
gills
Tracheal system in insects

Question 5

Tracheal system in Insects

Answer 5

Series of air filled tubes which penetrate deep into the body of the insect, the ends of their terminal branch’s contain hemolymph and are very small making the diffusion distance to the mito very short

Question 6

Respiratory Tract of Mammals

Answer 6

Conducting Zone; no gas exchange between air and blood in this area. This Zone includes upper airways and raspatory tract(slide 9)

Respiratory Zone; the site of gas exchange. This zone consists of bronchiole and Alveoli

Question 7

Chest wall and Pleural sac

Answer 7

the pleural sac is consists of 3 different tissues; the Visceral pleura, intrapleural space and Parietal pleura. the intrapleural space is composed of mucus for lubrication during the rising and falling of the chest during respiration

https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Layers-of-thoracic-wall-intercostal-neurovascular-bundle.jpg

Question 8

Lung ventilation in mammals

Answer 8

along with reptiles and amphibians mammals exhibit Tidal lung ventilation

Question 9

Breathing cycle in mammals Inhalation

Answer 9

Intercostal muscles pull ribs upward and outward

1. Thoracic volume increases
2. lung volume increases
3. negative pressure is created
4. Air flows in from atmosphere

Question 10

Breathing cycle in mammals exhalation

Answer 10

Ribs are pulled in and down by intercostal muscles.
abdominal muscles contract moving diaphragm upwards

1. thoracic and lung volume decreases
2. positive pressure is created
3. Air flows out to atmosphere

Question 11

Lung ventilation in Birds

Answer 11

Bird lungs unlike mammal lungs are very rigid and inexpansible so ventilation s carried out by a variety of extensible air sacs which expand and contract allowing for ventilation

Question 12

Parabrinchi

Answer 12

Terminal Gas exchange units in birds in which air flows in one direction perpendicular to blood flow

Question 13

Gill ventilation in fish

Answer 13

Water flows in one direction across fish gills opposite direction of blood

Question 14

Spirometry

Answer 14

measuring of lung volumes and capacities

Question 15

Lung volumes and capacity’s

Answer 15

residual volume keeps alveoli inflated

Functional residual capacity is when air from normal tidal mixes with each breath

Vital capacity- volume of air that can be exhaled with maximal effort after maximal inspiration

Question 16

Lung Ventilation volumes

Answer 16

Total ventilation- the total air flow into and out of the respiratory system per minute

Anatomical dead space- volume of air left in the conducting zone after each breath

Effective Ventilation- the total air flow into and out of the gas exchange unites per minute

Question 17

Anatomical dead space

Answer 17

natomic dead space specifically refers to the volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gas exchange