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Respiratory - Week 2 > Respiratory: Physiology - Control of Respiration - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory: Physiology - Control of Respiration - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways Respiration is controlled?

A

Neural Control

Chemical Control

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2
Q

What does the Neural Control control?

A

Sets up the rhythm of respiration

Inspiration followed by expiration

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3
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Superior to Inferior:

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What occurs to ventilation if the brainstem is sectioned above the Medulla?

A

Ventilation still retained

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5
Q

What occurs to ventilation if the brainstem is sectioned below the Medulla?

A

Ventilation ceases

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6
Q

What part of the brainstem is the rhythm generator of respiration?

A

The Medulla

- Network of Neurons called the Pre-Botzinger Complex

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7
Q

Where is the Pre-botzinger complex located?

A

Located near the upper end of the medullary respiratory centre

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8
Q

What part of the Brainstem gives rise to inspiration?

A

Dorsal Respiratory group neurones (Inspiratory)

  • Located in the Medulla of the brainstem
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9
Q

Explain the innervation of the Dorsal respiratory nerves?

A

Fire in bursts

Firing leads to contraction of inspiratory muscle

Stop firing to allow for passive expiration

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10
Q

What nerve bring about active expiration during hyperventilation?

A

Vental Respiratory group neurones

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11
Q

What do the Ventral Respiratory group excite?

A

Excite Internal Inercostals
Abdominal

This causes forceful expiration

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12
Q

What group of nerves can modify the rhythm of respiration?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

Located in the Pons

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13
Q

What does stimulation of the Pneumotaxic centre cause?

A

Termination of Inspiration

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14
Q

When is the Pneumotaxic centre stimulated?

A

When the dorsal respiratory neurones fire

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15
Q

What occurs if the Pneumotaxic centre does not fire?

A

Breathing is proglonged

Inspiratory gasps (This is called Apneusis respiration)

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16
Q

What is the apneustic centre?

A

The Apneustic centre excites the inspiratory area of the medulla

It is use for Prolonged Inspiration

17
Q

What part of the brainstem generates the rhythm of breathing?

A

Medulla

18
Q

What part of the brainstem modifies the rhtyhm of breathing?

A

Pons

19
Q

What are the involuntary modifcations of breathing?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptor Hering-Breuer relfex

Joints receptors reflex in exercise

Stimulation of respiratory centre by temperature adrenaline or impulses from cerebral cortex

Cough reflex.

20
Q

When do pulmonary stretch receptors active?

A

Inspiration

Only activated at large or greater than 1 litre tidal volumes

  • Prevent over inflation of lung during hard exercise
21
Q

What is the Hering-breuer reflex?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors activating during inspiration.

Afferent discharge inhibits inspiration

22
Q

How do Joint receptors affect breathing?

A

Impulses from moving limbs reflex increase breathing

Probably contribute to increased ventilation during exercise

23
Q

What factors may increase during ventilation during exercise?

A 
Body Movement 
Adrenaline 
Impulses from the cerebral cortex 
Temperature 
Accumulation of CO2 H+ generated by active muscles
24
Q

Describe how the cough reflex happens?

A

Short intake of breath, followed by closure of the larynx, then contraction of abdominal muscles (increases intra-alveolar pressure), and finally opening of the larynx and expulsion of air at a high speed

25
Q

What is the respiratory centre influenced by?

A 
Stretch Receptor (Baroreceptors) 
Hering-Breur reflex (hyperinflation) 
Juxtapulmonary receptors
Joints Receptors 
Baroreceptors

Central Chemoreceptors
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
These relate the chemical control of the respiration system.

26
Q

Explain the ventilatory response to exercise?

A

REST: Begins at resting rate of ventilation

EXERCISE: Jumps up to higher level and then curves up to a plateau point.

RECOVERY: Jumps immediately down in the to a lower level. Then slowly curves back down to normal level.

27
Q

What is the controlled variables in the respiratory system?

A

Blood Gas tensions

Carbon Dioxide

28
Q

What receptors control the chemical controls in the respiratory system?

A

Chemoreceptors - They sense the value of the gas tensions

29
Q

What do Peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

Sense tension of:

Oxygen
CO2
H+ in the blood

30
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotide bodies

Aortic bodies

31
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

Situated near the surface of the medulla of the brainsteam

32
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to H+ ions in the cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

How is the CSF separated from the blood ?

A

Separated by the blood-brain barrier

34
Q

What is the blood brain barrier permeable to and not permeable to?

A

Relatively impermeable to H+ and HCO3-

CO2 diffuses readily

35
Q

How is CSF buffered?

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

36
Q

What is Hypercapnia?

A

High level of CO2

37
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Low levels of Oxygen

Respiratory - Week 2 (8 decks)

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