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Biology 151 lecture midterm #2 > respiratory physiology chapter 23 > Flashcards

respiratory physiology chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the main functions of the respiratory system.

A
  • Provide surface area for gas exchange
  • This also helps regulate pH
  • Move air into and out of lungs (to and from exchange surfaces)
  • Protect resp surfaces from: dehydration, temp changes etc., + invasion by pathogens
  • Produce sounds used in communication(air moving in and out of larynx)
  • Facilitate sense of smell (in nasal cavity)
  • Aids other movements in the body (lymph and blood flow, expulsion of abdominal contents…)
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2
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

the process of making energy in our cells requires O2 as a reactant, gives off CO2 as waste

  • breathe out air (exhalation):–Get waste CO2 out
  • breathe in air (inhalation):–Get some O2 in
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3
Q

Define external respiration

A

gas exchange between body fluids and external environment

-happens in your lungs

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4
Q

Define internal respiration

A

The diffusion of gases been interstitial fluid and cytoplasm

-occurs throughout whole body

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5
Q

respiratory tract consists of

A
  • Conducting division (tubes that carry air to and from where gas exchange happens)
  • Respiratory division (where gas exchange happens)
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6
Q

Describe the relationship between airflow, pressure, and resistance

A

–Flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to resistance
–Air will flow from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

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7
Q

Boyle’s law

A

(gas pressure + volume)

  • P = 1/V
  • Pressure (P) is inversely proportional to volume (V)
  • Remember: gas will flow from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
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8
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Partial Pressures
-Air” is made up of several different gasses (eg., N2,O2, H2O, CO2)
• Air pressure is the combination of the pressures of all
these gasses
• The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure it
contributes to the total pressure
-Related to its proportion (eg., N2 makes up ~78.6% of the air, so its partial pressure is 78.6% of the air pressure)

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9
Q

Henry’s law

A

Pressure affects how many of the gas molecules enter solution
–Amount of a gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
-Higher partial pressure of a gas = more of that gas in solution

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10
Q

Explain why the lungs will move when the thoraic cavity expands

A

The lungs will expand when the thoracic cavity expands (rib cage + diaphragm movement) They are “glued” together…
-Thin film of serous fluid in the pleural cavity (between
parietal and visceral pleurae)
-There is a negative pressure here (the intrapleural
pressure), that holds the two membranes together
-This holds the lungs to the body wall

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11
Q

Define intraplural pressure

A
  • The pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
  • Responsible for the respiratory pump(assists venous return to heart)
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12
Q

Define Intra-alveolar pressure (aka Intrapulmonary pressure):

A

– The pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli

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13
Q

Quite breathing or eupnea

A
  • Inhalation is active, exhalation is passive
  • Diaphragmatic breathing = deep breathing…?
  • Costal breathing = shallow breathing…?
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14
Q

Forced breathing (or “hyperpnea”):

A

Inhalation and exhalation are both active!

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15
Q

Describe how the following affect airflow: bronchoconstriction

A

Bronchoconstriction increases resistance to airflow

Caused by parasympathetic nervous system and decrease CO2 concentration

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16
Q

Describe how the following affect airflow:

bronchodilation

A

Bronchodilation decreases resistance to airflow
– Caused by sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine)
–Also caused by ↑CO2 concentration (local control)

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17
Q

Describe how the following affect airflow:surfactant

A

-Surfactant is oily,
-Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions Interacts with layer of water to reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli
Therefore airflow increases because resistance is reduced

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18
Q

Describe how the following affect airflow: compliance.

A

How easily the lungs expand and contract”
• Greater compliance = easier to fill and empty lungs
• “stiff lungs” = reduced compliance (lungs can’t fill as
easily, despite attempts…)

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19
Q

Define the following lung volumes: tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved in or out of the lungs, during one respiratory cycle.

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20
Q

Define the following lung volumes: minute respiratory volume

A
  • Respiratory rate = breaths per minute
  • Tidal volume x respiratory rate = volume of air moved in (or out) each minute (called the minute respiratory volume, MRV)
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21
Q

Define the following lung volumes:

inspiratory reserve volume

A

-Amount of air you’re able to take in, on top of your tidal volume
-Total inspiratory capacity = IRV + tidal volume
-For both IRV and ERV, you must use accessory
muscles to actively move more air out of lungs

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22
Q

Define the following lung volumes: expiratory reserve volume

A

-Amount of air you’re able to expel (voluntarily!), beyond your tidal volume exhale (
-For both IRV and ERV, you must use accessory
muscles to actively move more air out of lungs

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23
Q

Define the following lung volumes: residual volume

A

Amount of air in lungs, even after forced exhalation (after exhaling ERV)

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24
Q

Define the following lung volumes: vital capacity

A

-Max. amount of air that can move in or out of lungs in one respiratory cycle
(= ERV + tidal volume + IRV )

25
Q

Define the following lung volumes: total lung capacity

A

-Total volume of lungs

– (Vital capacity + residual volume )

26
Q

Define the following lung volumes: forced expiratory volume.

A
  • Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled

- The amount expired in the first second = FEV1 -Usually represented as a percentage of vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%)

27
Q

Describe how O2 and CO2 can cross the respiratory membrane (hint: it includes the roles of partial pressure, distance, solubility, and surface area…)

A

-Huge SA available
-O2 is lipid soluble
-Significant difference in partial pressure of O2 across the respiratory membrane
(Higher in alveoli (air), lower in capillary (blood))
-Short distance to travel (diffusion)

28
Q

Describe the relationship between hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) and pO2, and
how this relationship changes/shifts with different
temperature

A
  • Higher temperature = Hb has lower affinity for O2(releases it more readily)
  • when temp increases, curve shifts to the right
  • when temp decreases, curve shifts to the left
29
Q

Describe the relationship between hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) and pO2, and
how this relationship changes/shifts with different BPG levels. (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)

A

Higher conc. of BPG more O2 released by the

Hb molecules

30
Q

How can you change BPG levels

A
  • BPG levels can also be Increased by Increasing pH

- certainly hormones increase BPG levels : Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, epinephrine, and androgens

31
Q

BPG effect and Bohr effect can increase O2

delivery (release by Hb)

A
  • BPG effect at higher pH

- Bohr effect at lower pH

32
Q

Describe how O2 is carried in the blood (in general)

A

-Very little O2 is carried (dissolved) in the plasma
-Most O2 is carried by hemoglobin, in the red blood
cells (forms “oxyhemoglobin”) Hb + O2 = HbO2
-Each Hb molecule contains 4 heme units, so can carry
up to 4 molecules of oxygen
-% of heme units carrying O2 = hemoglobin saturation

32
Q

Describe the relationship between hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) and pO2, and
how this relationship changes/shifts with different pH (the Bohr effect)

A

-Low pH (more acidic) environment changes the shape of Hb, so it
releases O2 more readily

-When blood pH decreases below the normal range, more oxygen is released
(Curve shifts to the right)

-When pH increases,less oxygen is released
(Curve shifts to the left)

32
Q

Describe how fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin, and explain the significance of this.

A

Present in fetus
• Much higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb
• Important for enabling fetus to “take” O2 from mom’s Hb…
• Also, steeper curve means that lots of O2 will be delivered to fetus’ peripheral tissues
Explain significance

33
Q

Describe how carbon monoxide can affect hemoglobin-O2 saturation

A

Carbon monoxide
-Will compete with O2 for “space” on Hb
-Even at low PCO, it has much higher affinity for Hb than O2 has!
-So, CO will win the fight
Very durable bond, so that heme is now basically useless…

34
Q

Describe how the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2 ensure adequate O2 to tissues

A

If PO2 decreases saturated hemoglobin decreases because low oxygen areas. Hemoglobin will release oxygen in those areas.

35
Q

Describe how high altitudes can affect hemoglobin-O2 saturation

A
  • Less O2 in the air, therefore lower PO2

- % saturation decreases

36
Q

Describe how CO2 is carried in the blood (in general – 3 ways).

A

• Is carried in the blood in 3 different ways:
1)As carbonic acid (bicarbonate ion) (70%)
2)Bound to hemoglobin (23%)
to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
CO2 + Hb HbCO2
3)Dissolved in the plasma (7%)

37
Q

Describe the reaction of CO2 and H2O, including the role of carbonic anhydrase (and the resulting effects on pH).

A

-CO2 is converted to H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
-Happens fastest in the RBC (due to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase)
-H2CO3 dissociates to form hydrogen ions and
bicarbonate ions
-Some H+ ions are bound to Hb, but some H+ ions
leave the RBC to the plasma
-Decreases the pH (makes the plasma more acidic)

38
Q

Describe what the chloride shift is, and how the chloride shift assists in the transport of CO2.

A

Bicarbonate ions(HCO3-) are “traded” for chloride ions (Cl-)
–Bicarbonate ions leave the RBC to the plasma
-Chloride ions leave the plasma and enter the RBC

39
Q

Describe how volume changes in the thoraic cavity causes inhalation and change pressure

A

When breathing in , We Increase volume of chest cavity, create a partial vacuum

  • Air moves in,
  • Rib cage and lungs expand
  • Diaphragm (inspiratory muscles) contracts downward
    3) external intercostals contract
40
Q

Describe how volume changes in the thoraic cavity causes exhalation

A

1) inspiratory muscles relax(diaphragm rises;rib cage descends)
2) thoraic cavity volume decreases
3) external intercostals relax

41
Q

Name the brain regions that are involved in regulation of respiratory rate (name the specific regions within the medulla oblongata and the pons)

A

1) In the medulla oblongata : respiratory rhythmicity centers
- dorsal respiratory group
- ventral respiratory group
2) in the pons :
- pneumotaxic center
- apneustic center

42
Q

Describe the functions of the brain region for the dorsal respiratory group

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
– Inspiratory center
–Active during quiet and forced breathing

43
Q

Describe the functions of the brain region for the Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A
  • Important for forced breathing

- An expiratory center (for active exhalation) and an inspiratory center(aids in maximum inhalation)

44
Q

Describe the functions of the brain region for the Pneumotaxic centers

A

-Regulates the shift from inspiration to expiration -Inhibits/decreases time of inhalation the DRG (therefore ends inspiration)
If…
- More stimulation by pneumotaxic centers therefore faster respiratory rate (each breath is shorter)
-Less stimulation by pneumotaxic centers therefore slower respiratory rate, deeper breaths

45
Q

Describe the relationship between hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) and pO2,

A

-Higher PO2 levels = more HbO2
-Attachment of one O2 promotes binding of the next
O2 + Hb = hemoglobin

46
Q

Describe the functions of the brain region for the Apneustic centers

A
  • Promote inhalation by stimulating the Dorsal respiratory group(DRG)
  • (named for an abnormal breathing pattern apneusis…)
47
Q

Briefly describe how each of the following reflexes affects respiratory function: stretch receptors (the inflation reflex, also called the Hering-Breuer reflex)

A

When lungs expand receptors initiate the Hering Breuer reflex (to prevent the lungs from being stretched excessively). Do this by inhibiting inspiration

48
Q

Briefly describe how each of the following reflexes affects respiratory function:irritants in the conducting system

A

debris such as dust, stimulate receptors in the bronchioles that promote reflex constriction of those air passages
Ex(cough,sneeze)

49
Q

Describe how local control of ventilation in the lungs helps to maximize O2 in and CO2 out (what are the chemical conditions that lead to increased air flow in one area of the lungs?

A

In the alveoli :
-Local factors help coordinate airflow and lung perfusion
-Airflow: high PCO2 in bronchioles leads to bronchodilation
(low PCO2 to bronchoconstriction) So, air is directed to bronchioles with highest PCO2

50
Q

what are the chemical conditions that lead to increased blood flow to one area of the lungs?) This is also called “ventilation-to-perfusion ratio

A
  • Perfusion: blood flow to alveoli depends on PO2
  • Low PO2 in/near a lobule leads to vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to that lobule
  • So there’s less blood flow to areas with less O2, and more blood flow to areas of lungs with lots of O2!
51
Q

Briefly describe how each of the following reflexes affects respiratory function: chemoreceptors (also involved with cardiovascular function)

A

Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to decreasing pH and oxygen levels and to increasing CO2 levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by adjusting cardiovascular and respiratory activity. These reflexes stimulate responses by the cardiovascular centers to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output and stimulate responses by the respiratory centers to increase the respiratory rate, which increases pH and oxygen levels and decreases CO2 levels.

52
Q

What’s the net result or Local control of ventilation: lungs (ventilation-to-perfusion ratio)

A

Net result: coordination of blood flow and airflow!

53
Q

Describe how local control at the tissues helps to ensure that active/hypoxic tissues receive enough blood flow (for O2 delivery and CO2 removal)

A

High PCO2 cause local vasodilation (due to relaxation of smooth muscle in b.v. walls)
…which will increase blood flow to those areas

54
Q

Describe some effects of smoking on the respiratory system, as discussed in class

A

-Toxins in cigarette smoke cause body to produce substances that damage the alveoli
-Reduces area for gas exchange, leading to low O2 levels in body tissues (…and build up of CO2…)
-Nicotine and sulfur dioxide paralyze the cilia
that line the upper resp. tract

55
Q

desrcribe how tissues that are more active receive more oxygen.

A

much lower PO2 they are consuming oxygen to help make energy.
blood moved through active capillary beds gets unloaded with way more oxygen. so that low oxygen environment made it easier for hemoglobin to release its oxygen.

56
Q

Briefly describe how each of the following reflexes affects respiratory function: baroreceptors (also important in cardiovascular function)

A

Respond to changes changes in pressure due to stretch and heart rate or cardiac output

Will cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation
Will increase or decrease parasympathetic activity

Biology 151 lecture midterm #2 (5 decks)

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