Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid Base Balance chapter 27

Question 1

Briefly describe how the balance between fluid gains and fluid losses can lead to dehydration or overhydration.

Answer 1

if water gains>water losses we become OVERHYDRATED (hypotonocity, or hyponatremia)

if water losses>water gains we become DEHYDRATED
(hypertonicity)

Question 2

Define/describe hyponatremia

Answer 2

when Sodium (Na+) levels are lower in the blood

Question 3

Define/describe hypernatremia

Answer 3

when Sodium (Na+) levels are higher in the blood

Question 4

Define/describe hypokalemia .

Answer 4

when Potassium (K+) levels and lower in the blood

Question 5

Define/describe hyperkalemia.

Answer 5

when Potassium (K+) levels are higher in the blood

Question 6

Define/describe acidosis

Answer 6

An abnormal physiological state(blood pH below 7.35)

Question 7

Define/describe alkalosis.

Answer 7

the conditioned characterized by a blood pH greater than 7.45

• deficiency of H+ ions
• excess bicarbonate ions

Question 8

Describe how respiratory changes can affect pH balance

Answer 8

a mismatch between the amount of acid your producing and the amount of carbon dioxide your exhaling.
CO2 is acidic therefore when exhaling CO2 were exhaling a source of acidity
-can lead to either more or less CO2 in blood then you should otherwise have(abnormal CO2 levels in ECF) which will change pH
-ex: Respiratory acidosis; when you cant exhale enough CO2 out from your blood to your lungs you will end up with a lower pH and a build up of CO2 (hypercapnia)

Question 9

Describe how metabolic production of acids can affect pH balance.

Answer 9

more or less acid than normal

ex: making more acids other than CO2 that you cant exhale
- making lots of lactic acid
- making lots of ketoacids

Question 10

Describe how pH changes in the body can be buffered by the lungs (respiratory compensation)

Answer 10

if you are exceeding the buffering capacity because there are other acid increase then we can use respiratory compensation
-can compensate acid base imbalance by changing your respiratory rate to either exhale more CO2 to lower H+ concentration and therefore increasing pH.

Question 11

Describe how a Na+, K+, or pH imbalance could lead to more imbalances! (For example, describe how a pH imbalance could lead to compensation that ultimately leads to a K+ imbalance.)

Answer 11

Ex: Hyperkalemia - Too much K+ outside/ inside cell
Outside:
K+ moves into the cell, trades with H+, causing extracellular acidosis.

Question 12

Describe how pH changes in the body can be buffered by buffer systems in body fluids

Answer 12

• can increase/decrease H+ ions from a solution
• ex:hemoglobin(can take H+ ions), plasma proteins, carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system that can shift one way or another to help us deal with changes to pH

Question 13

Describe how pH changes in the body can be buffered by the kidney

Answer 13

• by secreting more or less hydrogen across the cells of your proximal and distal convoluted tubules, making your urine more acidic but helps get your blood back up to normal range.
• Allowing kidney to remove even more H+. by secreting H+ in tubules and trading for Na+, and Na+ later exchanges with K+
• other buffers that help to buffer the addition of H+ ions so that you can keep adding more hydrogen ions to that tubule without making it super acidic.