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Exercise Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

List the constituents of the URT and its zone

A

Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx.

Conduction zone

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2
Q

List the constituents of the LRT and its zone

A

Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveolus.
Respiratory zone

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3
Q

Where is the carina of the trachea located? What is the conformation of the bronchi?

A

Carina of trachea located at bifurcation of bronchi. Left bronchus more lateral and right bronchus more vertical

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4
Q

Describe the two types of cells in alveoli.

A

Type 1 cells - Thin and flat epithelial lining cells

Type 2 cells - Secrete surfactant

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5
Q

Where is the pons located? Name the two regions of interest.

A

Pons is located in the respiratory control centre of the brain.
Apneustic region and pneumotaxic region.

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6
Q

Name the two groups of importance in the medulla.

A

Ventral group and dorsal group

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7
Q

List the nerves involved in respiratory physiology.

A 
Spinal:
-Phrenic nerve (C3-C5 root)
-Intercostal nerve (T1-T11 root)
Cranial:
-Vagus nerve (X)
-Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
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8
Q

List the receptors involved in respiratory physiology.

A 
Chemo
-Central
Peripheral (Carotid and sortic bodies)
Mechano
Irritant
Peripheral proprioceptors
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9
Q

List the muscles involved in respiratory physiology.

A

Accessory (Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes)
Diaphragm (75% of work of breathing)
Intercostals
Abdominals

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10
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container at a constant temperature.

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11
Q

Describe the process of Inhalation.

A
  • Diaphragm flattens, external intercostals up and out
  • Elevation of ribs
  • Increase volume, decrease pressure in lungs
  • Air moves in
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12
Q

Describe the nature of exhalation at rest

A

-Passive at rest (Elastic recoil)

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13
Q

Compare asthmatics and controls.

A

Asthmatics have:

  • Higher oxygen cost for given work rate
  • Higher frequency of breathing for given work rate
  • Tidal volume and minute ventilation volume lower for given work rate
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14
Q

What are the functions of the regions in the Pons?

A

Apneustic - Prolong and slow rate of breathing

Pneumotaxic - Inhibitory impulse, speeds breathing

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15
Q

Which part of the respiratory control centre regulates rythmicity? Which neurons are associated with which regions of this area?

A

Medulla.
Dorsal group - Inspiratory neurons
Ventral group - Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

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16
Q

Which receptors respond to changes in Oxygen in the blood?
Outline the response to a reduction in Oxygen in the blood.
What do central chemoreceptors primarily respond to?

A 
Peripheral chemoreceptors
-Potassium channels blocked
-Build up of potassium within the cell
-Calcium channels open, calcium influx
-Exocytosis of vesicles containing dopamine
Changes in blood carbon dioxide levels
17
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during each ventilation cycle.
500mL or 7mL/kg body mass

18
Q

Define inspiratory capacity.

A

The volume of air that can be inspired following a normal, quiet expiration. Equal to tidal volume + inspiratory reserve.

19
Q

Define residual volume.

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs following forced expiration.

20
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

21
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.

22
Q

Define functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air present in the lungs after passive expiration.

23
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of extra air above a normal breath exhaled during forceful expiration.

24
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A

The maximum volume of air that the lungs can accomodate.

25
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation = Breathing rate x Tidal Volume

26
Q

What is alveolar ventilation? What is a typical value in a healthy adult?

A

The portion of minute ventilation that mixes with air in alveoli.
150-200ml.

27
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Non-functioning alveoli.

28
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation = Minute ventilation - Dead space

29
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

What is respiratory compensation point?

A

The point at which pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise.
A secondary rise after VT.

30
Q

What is the result of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex?

A
  • Increased sympathetic efferent discharge
  • Increased limb vasoconstriction
  • Decreased Oxygen transport
  • Increased locomotor muscle fatigue
  • Increased effort perceptions

Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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