Physical activity, bones and health

Question 1

What is the equation for BMI?

Answer 1

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height^2(m)

Question 2

What were the findings from Laukkanen (2001) on CRF and mortality?

Answer 2

The lower the cardiorespiratory fitness the higher the odds ratio for overall mortality.

Question 3

What were the findings from Lee (1999) on fitness, fatness and CVD mortality?

Answer 3

Regardless of body fatness you have a greater risk of CVD mortality if you are unfit compared with fit.
As body fatness increases relative risk of CVD mortality increases in both fit and unfit groups.

Question 4

What were the findings from Hogstrom (2015) on fitness, BMI and mortality?

Answer 4

Suggested BMI had more of an impact on rate of death by an cause compared with fitness level.

Question 5

What is physical activity?

Answer 5

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure above the basal level.

Question 6

What are the physical activity guidelines for Toddlers?

Answer 6

Physically active for at least 180 minutes, spread throughout the day. All under 5’s should minimise the amount of time spent being sedentary for extended periods.

Question 7

What are the physical activity guidelines for Children (5-18)?

Answer 7

Moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes, up to several hours every day.
Activities that strengthen muscle and bone should be included at least 3 days a week.
Should minimise the amount of time spent being sedentary for extended periods.

Question 8

What are the physical activity guidelines for Adults (19-64)?

Answer 8

Over a week should add up to 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity or 75 minutes vigouorus activity or a combination of the two.
Activities to improve muscle strength on at least twp days a week.
Minimise the amount of time spent being sedentary for extended periods.

Question 9

List some methods for measuring body composition/fat mass.

Answer 9

DXA
BodPod
Sum of six skinfolds

Question 10

What methods can you use to measure bone density?

Answer 10

DXA

QUS

Question 11

What is a T score? How are they calculated?

Answer 11

Comparison score to reference data using sex and ethnicity of the individual.
(BMD of individual - meanBMD reference)/SD of BMD

Question 12

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 12

A systematic disease characterised by decrease in bone mass, bone tissue deterioration and susceptibility to fracture.

Question 13

What factors influence bone mass and by what percentages?

Answer 13

Genetics - 70%

Environmental factors - 30%

Question 14

What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 14

Osteoblast - Build up bone mass

Osteoclast - Break down bone mass

Question 15

How does bone mass change as we age?

Answer 15

Peak bone mass achieved at roughly 25 years old.
Bone mass plateaus from 25-30.
Bone mass begins deteriorating from the age of 40 onwards.

Question 16

What were the findings from Tervo (2010) on BMD and sports?

Answer 16

Peak BMD occurs at roughly 25 years old.

Body segments can have different BMD’s which can be sport specific.

Question 17

What were the findings from Ruffing (2006) on milk consumption and BMD?

Answer 17

The more milk people drink the greater BMD at various sites.

Question 18

What were the findings from Courteix (2005) on exercise, nutrition and BMD?

Answer 18

Combination of exercise and calcium elicited the greatest increase in BMD.
Exercise, no calcium elicited greater BMD than No exercise, calcium in all but one site (lumbar spine).

Question 19

What were the findings from Valtuena (2012) on vitamin D and activity levels?

Answer 19

There is a greater proportion of vitamin D insufficiency in the inactive population compared to the active population.

Question 20

According to Bonnet and Ferrari what are the three stages of bone development and at what age do they occur?

Answer 20

Growth < 17
Consolidation 18-35
Involution > 40

Question 21

What were the findings from Vlachopolulos (2017) on BMD and childrens sport?

Answer 21

At various sites BMD is lower in those who swim compared to cycling and football. Footballers had the highest BMD in almost all sites.

Question 22

What were the findings from Von Stengel (2011) on vibration training?

Answer 22

Improved lumbar spine BMD in post menopausal women.

Question 23

What were the findings from Prioreschi (2011) on vibration training?

Answer 23

Vibration training elicited increases in hip BMD in cyclists.