Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiopulmonary PT > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Oxygenation of blood
  • Removal of CO2
  • Control of acid-base balance
  • Production of vocalization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the only organ to receive the full cardiac output?

A

The lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what 3 levels does respiration occur?

A
  • Gas exchange in lungs
  • Circulation of gases through the blood stream
  • Gas transfer at cellular level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What volume of air is exchanged at the lungs during each inspiration/ expiration?

A
  • 350 mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is respiration?

A
  • Delivery of O2 to cells

- Removal of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Inflow/ outflow of air in the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is external pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Exchange of gases between lungs and blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is internal tissue respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between blood and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 structures make up the upper respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nose and mouth in respiration?

A
  • Filtering
  • Humidification
  • Warming and cooling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Vocal cords help produce sound

- Conduit to larynx and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 4 structures make up the lower respiratory system?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 major structures around found in the larynx?

A
  • Epiglottis

- Circoid (complete cartilage ring that provides attachments for structures involved in speech production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in the alveolar walls? What are their functions?

A

Type I: Squamous cells functioning in gas exchange

Type II: Surfactant producing cells. Lower surface tension: keep alveoli open, and help them expand more easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 primary muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
  • Interchondral intercostals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 accessory muscles of inspiration? What is their function?

A
  • Increase diameter of chest cavity
  • Scalenes
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 muscle groups of expiration?

A
  • Abdominals

- Internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What muscle group creates the bucket handle motion of the rib cage?

A
  • External intercostals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The diaphragm contains many which cell organelle?

A

Mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 4 situations may cause the diaphragm to become fatigued?

A
  • Disease states
  • Exercise
  • Nutrition
  • Ventilators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What spinal chord segments innervate the diaphragm?

A
  • C3
  • C4
  • C5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is paradoxal movement of the diaphragm?

A
  • Diaphragm moves up during inspiration, sucking the abdomen in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 cavities does the diaphragm separate?

A
  • Abdominal cavity

- Thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When the diaphragm has an optimal length-tension ratio, what position causes the maximum passive tension in the muscle?

A

At functional residual capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What closes during coughing to help increase the pressure inside of the thorax?

A

The glottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is paradoxical exhalation? What causes it in infants? In adults?

A
  • Chest collapses during exhalation
  • Infants ribs are not ossified
  • Adults have incompetent intercostals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A
  • Pressure in the alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A
  • Pressure in pleural cavity between parietal and visceral pleura.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure?

A

About 4 less mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What pathologies can cause the bronchi to constrict?

A
  • Asthma, or other pathologies that cause the bronci to constrict.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is lung compliance measured by?

A
  • Pressure-volume curve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Does increased compliance increase or decrease lung volume?

A

Increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe decreased compliance using pressure and volume.

A

Larger pressure required to create smaller volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 2 neurological mechanisms of control of respiration? What are their roles?

A

Medulla: Controls rate and depth of respiration
Pons: Moderates rhythm of inspiraton/ expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors located that are sensitive to changes in CO2 and O2?

A
  • Aorta

- Carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is hypoxic drive?

A

Decreased oxygen drives change in breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What blood gas are chemoreceptors especially sensitive to?

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is tidal volume a measure of functionally?

A

The depth of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A
  • Maximum amount of air expired after a normal expiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The gas remaining in the lungs after a max expiration.

43
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A
  • Maximum amount of gas inspired from peak inspiratory tidal volume.
44
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A
  • Amount of air in respiratory system after max inspiration
45
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air expired after a maximum inspiration.

46
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum inspired volume of air from resting expiration level.

47
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Volume of gas in lungs when the respiratory system is at rest.

48
Q

What is the path of air from the nasal passages to the alveoli (site of gas exchange)? (10 steps)

A
  • Nasal passages
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Right/left main stem bronchus
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
49
Q

What airways make up the anatomical dead space of the respiratory system?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Bronchiole airways
50
Q

What is the normal volume of anatomical dead space?

A

150 mL.

51
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A
  • Ventilated, but not gas exchange takes place
52
Q

What can commonly cause anatomic dead space?

A
  • Pulmonary embolus
53
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A
  • No gas exchange due to disease or emphysema
54
Q

What is the name of a respiratory unit?

A
  • Acinus
55
Q

What is contained within an acinus?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
56
Q

What real-life structure quantifies the amount of surface area provided by the alveoli in the lungs for gas exchange?

A
  • A tennis court
57
Q

By what process does gas exchange occur?

A
  • Diffusion
58
Q

What characteristics of the gases being exchanged affect the diffusion of gases at the alveoli?

A
  • Partial pressure gradients (greater to smaller)

- Gas solubility

59
Q

What is the composition of dry air at sea level? (in terms of percentages)

A
  • 21 % O2
  • 0.04 % CO2
  • 78.07 % Nitrogen
  • 1 % other gases (argon & helium)
60
Q

Since atomspheric pressure is 760 mmHg, what is the amount of pressure due to O2?

A

160 mmHG.

61
Q

What can change the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Location respective to sea level.

  • High level
  • Below sea level
  • Underwater
  • Respiratory tract
  • Humidificaiton
62
Q

What are the PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air and air in the alveolar capillaries? How does this drive gas exchange?

A

Inspired air:

  • O2: 160 mmHg
  • CO2: 0.3 mmHg

Alveolar capillaries:

  • O2: 40 mmHg
  • CO2: 45 mmHg

Gas diffuses across membrane from high to low until the 2 pressures are balanced.

63
Q

What are the partial pressure of CO2 and O2 after gas exchange has occured in the lungs? What structure does the “oxygenated blood” enter?

A
  • PO2: 104 mmHg
  • PCO2: 40 mmHg

Returns to left atrium through pulmonary veins.

64
Q

Describe the 3 step process of O2 transferring from arterial blood to energy in muscle cells.

A
  • O2 dissociates from the arterial hemoglobin into the blood
  • Diffuses across the capillary membrane into muscle cells
  • Mitochondria use O2 to create ATP
65
Q

Describe the 4 step process of the disposal of CO2 from the body.

A
  • CO2 diffuses from muscle cells to capillaries
  • Transports back to the heart through the venous system
  • RV pumps the blood into the lungs
  • CO2 diffuses into alveoli and is exhaled
66
Q

What are the partial pressures of expired air?

A
  • 120 mmHg O2

- 27 mmHg CO2

67
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

CO2, which is more soluble than O2 dissolves into the blood, and forms H2CO3;

H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+.

68
Q

How do the lungs regulate the acidity of the body?

A

Expelling CO2.

69
Q

How do the kidneys control the acid base balance as relates to CO2?

A

Maintains/ excretes bicarbonate and H+.

70
Q

How does the acidity of blood affect O2 transport?

A
  • Less O2 binds to hemoglobin in acidic envirnoments
71
Q

What is the V/Q ratio?

A
  • Ventilation/ perfusion

- Ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

72
Q

What is the normal V/Q? What are the P02 and PCO2 at this ratio?

A
  • 0.8 or 80%
  • PO2 is 100 mmHg
  • PCO2 is 40 mmHg
73
Q

Which direction does the oxyhemoglobiin dissociation curve shift in acidosis?

A

To the right.

74
Q

Which direction does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift in alkalosis?

A

To the left.

75
Q

What partial pressure is the oxyhemoglobin curve not especially sensitive to?

A
  • O2

- Doesn’t take much O2 to saturate the hemoglobin

76
Q

What is a measure of oxygen-hemoglobin binding? What is a normal value?

A

SaO2 measures the percent of hemoglobin saturated by oxygen.

  • Normal is 95 % or more
77
Q

How high is the aterial blood pressure in the apices?

A
  • Just high enough to prevent closure of the pulmonary capillaries.
78
Q

Why is blood flow within the lung typically uneven? What position can balance the blood flow throughout the lungs?

A
  • Uneven due to gravity

- Supine position evens out the effects of gravity

79
Q

Where is blood flow the lowest and highest in the lungs when standing?

A
  • Lowest at apex (superiorly)

- Highest at base (inferiorly)

80
Q

If a patient’s lungs are injured unilaterally, how can the patient be positioned for ideal perfusion?

A
  • Side lie onto the good lung.
81
Q

State the lowest, medium, and highest blood flow, and the pressure relationships in each portion of the lung.

  • Alveolar pressure (PA)
  • Arterial pressure (Pa)
  • Venous pressure (Pv)
  • Zone 1 (Superior)
  • Zone 2 (Middle)
  • Zone 3 (inferior)

(Standing position)

A

Blood flow: Zone 3 > Zone 2 > Zone1

Pressures:
Zone 1: PA > Pa > Pv
Zone 2: Pa > PA > Pv
Zone 3: Pa > Pv > PA

82
Q

What drives blood flow in Zone 2 of the lung in standing?

A
  • Difference between arterial and alveolar pressure.
83
Q

What drives blood flow in Zone 3 of the lungs?

A
  • Difference between aterial and venous pressure

- Most capillaries are open

84
Q

What type of pathology can cause a shunting of blood?

A

Heart defect.

85
Q

How does a right to left shunt occur?

A

If the wall between the right and left ventricles are compromised.

86
Q

How does a left to right shunt occur?

A
  • Ductus arteriosus

- Traumatic injury

87
Q

Which type of shunting leads to hypoxemia?

A
  • right-to-left because much of the CO is not delivered to the lungs for oxygenation.
88
Q

Why does left-to-right shunting typically not cause hypoxemia?

A
  • Blood gets doubly oxygenated, which while causing some extra work for the heart, is not as bad as blood not getting oxygenated at all.
89
Q

What zone of the lung has the highest V/Q?

A
  • Zone 1
90
Q

What zone of the lung has the highest O2 partial pressure?

A
  • Zone 1
91
Q

Which zone of the lung has the highest alveolar ventilation?

A
  • Zone 3
92
Q

Which zone of the lung has the lowest blood flow?

A
  • Zone 1
93
Q

Which zone of the lung has the highest partial pressure of CO2?

A
  • Zone 3
94
Q

Which zone of the lung has the lowest V/Q?

A
  • Zone 3
95
Q

What are 3 lines of defense against inhaled organisms and particles in the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal mucosa
  • Nasal hair/ cilia
  • Type II pnemocytes
96
Q

What cells provide the immunodefense properties of the nasal mucosa? What do they secrete?

A
  • Goblet cells
  • Broncho seromucous glands
  • Produce immunoglobulin A containing mucous
97
Q

What increases the production of mucous by the goblet and bronchial seromucous glands?

A

Inflammation.

98
Q

What 4 factors can impair nasal hair/ cilia?

A
  • Nicotine
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Anesthesia
99
Q

Why do so many pulmonary infections occur post-op?

A

Nasal hair/ cilia are paralysed under anesthetic.

100
Q

What is produced by type II pneumocytes?

A

Surfactant.

101
Q

What 4 cells act as immunodefense to the lungs?

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • B lymphocytes
  • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
  • Mast cells
102
Q

What type of defense cell is more prevelant in smokers and individuals with asthma?

A
  • Mast cells (release mediators)
103
Q

Which defense cell of the lung produces gamma globulin for production of antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes.

104
Q

What 5 factors impede activity of alveolar macrophages?

A
  • Nicotine
  • Air pollution
  • Alcohol
  • Corticosteroid therapy
  • Radiation

Cardiopulmonary PT (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions