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Respiratory > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

External Respiration

A

Integration of the respiratory and CVS systems allowing movement of gases between air and the cells

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2
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

10-20 breaths a minute

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3
Q

Patency

A

How open an airway is

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4
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

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5
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

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6
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

Produces surfactant (reduces surface tension)

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7
Q

Type of epithelium in respiratory tract

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium that is ciliated and glandular

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8
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucous

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9
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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10
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by pressure of gas and solubility in the liquid

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11
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

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12
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

Pressure inside the lungs

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13
Q

Intra-pleural pressure

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity (always negative)

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14
Q

Trans-pulmonary pressure

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure

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15
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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16
Q

Muscles of expiration (forced)

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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17
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Scalene and sternocleidomastoids

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18
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs at each breath

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19
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Maximum volume of air which can be expelled from lungs at end of normal expiration

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20
Q

Inspiratory Reseve Volume

A

Maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at end of normal inspiration

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21
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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22
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Tidal volume + IRV + ERV

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23
Q

Total lung Capacity

A

Vital capacity + reserve volume

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24
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV

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25
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (amount of air normally in lungs at end of expiration)

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26
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways and not available for gas exchange

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27
Q

Volume

A

Amount of air moved in a single expiration

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28
Q

Capacity

A

2 or more volumes added together

29
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Total air movement into and out of lungs (L/min)

30
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Volume of fresh air moving into lungs and therefore available for gas exchange (L/min)

31
Q

Hyperventilation

A

More air reaches alveoli (large tidal volume)

32
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Less air reaches alveoli (small tidal volume)

33
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases (equivalent to % of the gas in the mixture x pressure of whole mixture)

34
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Baby struggles to breathe due to lack of surfactant production in lungs

35
Q

Compliance

A

Change in volume relative to a change in pressure

36
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases

A

Obstruction of air flow in lungs, especially during expiration

37
Q

Restrictive Lung Diseases

A

Loss of lung compliance

38
Q

Static Spirometry measurement

A

Only considers volume exhaled

39
Q

Dynamic Spirometry measurement

A

Considers volume exhaled and time taken to do so

40
Q

FEV1

A

Maximum volume of air expired in 1 second

41
Q

FVC

A

Maximum volume of air that can be expired

42
Q

FEF25-75

A

Average expiratory flow over the middle portion of a FVC

43
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Delivers CO2 from heart to lungs and O2 from lungs to heart

44
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Delivers O2 from heart to body and CO2 from body to heart

45
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A

Part of systemic circulation that supplies lungs and airways

46
Q

Shunt

A

Blood moves from right to left side of heart without being oxygenated

47
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

When fresh air in alveoli is not being adequately perfused and oxygen is not reaching blood

48
Q

Physiological dead space

A

All the air not taking place in gas exchange (anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space)

49
Q

Cooperative binding

A

When 1 molecule binds it increases the affinity of the other binding sites for other molecules of the same substance

50
Q

Myoglobin

A

Haemoglobin in which the beta chains have been replaced by delta chains, acts as store of oxygen in muscle cells.

51
Q

Foetal haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin present in fetus, beta chains replaced by gamma chains. Allows fetus to take oxygen from mother.

52
Q

Anaemia

A

Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is decreased,.

53
Q

2-3-diphosphoglycerate

A

Substance produced by erythrocytes as a response of inadequate oxygen supply and decreases Hb affinity for oxygen.

54
Q

CO poisoning

A

Caused by CO binding to Hb with an affinity 250 times greater than O2. Causes cherry red skin and mucous membrane, hypoxia (cell death), anaemia and nausea.

55
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

Reduction in oxygen diffusion at lungs due to decreased PP of O2 in atmosphere or tissue pathology

56
Q

Anaemic Hypoxia

A

Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia

57
Q

Ischaemic hypoxia

A

Heart disease resulting in inefficient pumping of blood

58
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Poisoning prevents cell utilising oxygen delivered to them

59
Q

Metabolic hypoxia

A

Oxygen delivery to tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells

60
Q

chloride shift

A

Movement of bicarbonate ions into plasma and Cl ions into RBCs during transport of CO2 as carbonic acid.

61
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Decrease in pH of blood due to CO2 retention as a result of hypoventilation

62
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Increase in pH of blood due to CO2 expiration as a result of hyperventilation

63
Q

Dorsal Respiratory group

A

Sets automatic rhythm of breathing and innervates muscles of inspiration

64
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

Innervates muscle of expiration, pharynx, larynx and tongue

65
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

Response directly to H ion conc of CSF (PP of CO2) and modulate primary respiratory drive

66
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid and aortic bodies that respond to H ion conc in plasma and PaO2

67
Q

Hypercapnea

A

Abnormally high levels of CO2 in blood

68
Q

Hypoxic Drive

A

Basal respiratory rate is controlled by peripheral chemoreceptors detecting PaO2

69
Q

Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

A

Disturbance in pH of blood due to disturbance in respiratory system

Respiratory (4 decks)

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