Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blood Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria which use O2 and nutrients to produce energy (and CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange and metabolic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T or F: Lungs are housed in the thoracic cavity?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F: Plueral membranes secrete a small amount of intrapleural fluid which lubricates the pleural surfaces

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Brings air in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Trachea divides into….

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure is primary bronchi?

A

c-shaped cartilage AND smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure is secondary bronchi?

A

cartilage plates AND smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structure is tertiary bronchi?

A

LESS cartilage MORE smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T or F: Smooth muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T or F: Changes in diameter of the conducting airways means changes in their resistance changes in airflow

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T or F: Sympathetic stimulation will relax and dilate airways

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F: Parasympathetic stimulation will contract and constrict airways

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F: an alveloar sac is a group of two or more alveloi with a common opening into a duct

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T or F: gas exchange takes in an alveloi

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Alveoli are lined by…

A

Type I and II pneumocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alveoli include….

A

Red blood cells, type I and II pneumocytes, capillary endothelium, basement membrane, alveolar macrophage, surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the kinetic theory of gases?

A

Pressure of a gas is the force per unit area exerted by the impact of gas molecules colliding with the walls of the container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What value is atmospheric pressure set to?

A

760 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the separate pressures of each gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure (P) for dry air

A

P(total) x FO2(given)
for example oxygen:
760mmHg x 0.21= 159.6 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure (P) in the lungs

A

(PB-47) x FO2 same as equation above just -47

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If pressure increases what will happen to gas in solution?

A

More in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If pressure increases what will happen to the volume of gas?

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure to which it is subjected
P inversely proportional to 1/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

If temperature increases what will happen to the volume of gas?

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Charles Law

A

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature

V is proportional to T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the general gas equation?

A

(P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens to atmospheric or barometric pressure with increasing altitude?

A

Decreases (value is 250mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does PAo2 mean?

A

partial pressure in the alveloi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does Pao2 mean?

A

partial pressure in the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T or F: changes in alveolar pressure determine direction of air flow

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? What does it due to volume? Is this an active or passive phase?

A

Flattens, and increases volume of the throacic cavity, active phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration? What does it due to volume? is it an active or passive phase?

A

Comes up, decrease volume of the thoracic cavity, passive phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T or F: forceful expiration causes a rapid decrease in lung volume?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

difference between atmospheric and intra-alveloar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the opposing forces within the chest and lungs?

A

outward recoil of chest, inward recoil of “elastic” lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the membrane directly next to the lungs called?

A

Visceral pluera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T or F: The intrapleural space is filled with air

A

False, FLUID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is lung collapse and chest expansion called?

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are two types of pneumothorax?

A

Traumatic and spontaneous (hole in lung)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract, thoraic cage expands, increase in pressure, lungs expand, air flows into alveloi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

diaphragm and intercostals stop contracting, chest wall moves inward, air in lungs become compressed, air flows out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T or F: Intrapleural pressure is negative compared to atmospheric pressure

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T or F: intrapleural pressure will be more negative at the end of inspiration

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is compliance ?

A

dispensability, strecth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is elasticity?

A

behavior of lungs to recoil back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Disease that affect elastic recoil

A

Fibrosis and Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

T or F: Gas exchange begins at the respiratory zone

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air that stays in the conducting zone and does not reach the respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

typical inhalation volume about 10-20 ml/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Are alveolar ducts included in anatomical dead space?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

T or F: any alveloi that do not contribute to gas exchange are dead space

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

anatomical + alveolar dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a restrictive lung disease?

A

pulmonary fibrosis that restricts elasticity of alveloi

58
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

resistance to air movement is increased

59
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

elastic properties of lung and chest wall, forceful expiration

60
Q

T or F: lungs resist distension because of high content of elastin

A

True

61
Q

T or F: if elastic forces increase, compliance will decrease

A

True

62
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

loss of tissue, easier to stretch, increased compliance

63
Q

T or F: breathing must overcome surface tension of fluid lining alveloi?

A

True

64
Q

T or F: pressure is greater in smaller avelous

A

True

65
Q

T or F: in alveloi, pressure automatically wants to recoil inward

A

True

66
Q

What is surfactant?

A

phospholipid that decreases the tendency of the lungs to recoil and increases compliance, as alveolus shrinks, the surfactant area increases, offsetting surface tension

67
Q

What happens if you do not have enough surfactant?

A

stiff lungs and areas of collapse

68
Q

What produces surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

69
Q

What does the PSNS do on airway resistance?

A

neurons release acetycholine and activate muscaric receptors, causes brochoconstriction

70
Q

What does the SNS do on airway resistance?

A

neurons release adrenaline and activates B2 receptors , causes bronchodilation

71
Q

T or F: Airway resistance depends on lung volume?

A

True

72
Q

T or F: ventilation increases down the lung

A

True

73
Q

What is ventilation rate for respiratory minute volume?

A

volume of air moved/ time
for example:
tidal volume=50ml, respiratory rate= 25 b/m
minute volume=(50 x25) = 1250 ml/min

74
Q

What is ventilation rate for alveolar ventilation?

A

air that takes part in gas exchange
for example:
tidal volume=50ml, respiratory rate= 25b/m, dead space= 15ml
minute volume: (50-15) x 25= 875 ml/min

75
Q

What is diffusion capacity?

A

the measure of how well oxygen and carbon dixoide are transferred between the lungs and the blood

76
Q

In anemia what happens to diffusion capacity?

A

decreases

77
Q

What is the PO2 gradient?

A

as blood flows, O2 decreases

78
Q

What is PO2 in airway?

A

150 mmHg

79
Q

What is PO2 in alvelous?

A

100 mmHg

80
Q

What is PO2 in mean tissue capillary?

A

50 mmHg

81
Q

What is PO2 in mitochondria?

A

1 mmHg

82
Q

What is an anatomical R-L shunt?

A

when deoxygated blood that has not been oxygenated in the lungs, returns into the left atrium

83
Q

T or F: a R-L will make a A-a difference gradient

A

true

84
Q

What is the value of a A-a difference gradient

A

15 mmHg

85
Q

What is a physiological shunt?

A

occurs when perfusion continues but alveolus is not ventilated

86
Q

T or F: pulmonary blood flow in the lungs can be increased on demand

A

True

87
Q

Why would a high capillary pressure in the lungs be undesirable?

A

Rupture and Odema

88
Q

What is pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

resistance that can be affected by hypoxia

89
Q

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Do not want to waste blood and effort sending blood to hypoxic areas, so vessels constrict

90
Q

T or F: PVR increases when lung regions become hypoxic

A

true

91
Q

What is V/Q mismatch?

A

When perfusion through capillaries and ventilation into alveoli differs

92
Q

What are consequences of V/Q mismatch?

A

Hypoxia- low blood O2

Hypercapnia -high blood CO2

93
Q

T or F: areas with low V/Q are poor ventilation from blocked airways

A

True

94
Q

T or F: areas with high V/Q are poor perfusion and arise from loss of capillaries

A

True

95
Q

What are the states of gases?

A

Dissolved state, bound state, chemically altered state

96
Q

T or F: Gas content depends on pressure & solubility

A

True

97
Q

T or F: O2 bound to hemoglobin does not contribute to partial pressure in blood

A

True

98
Q

What is P50?

A

The PO2 at which Hb is 50% saturated

99
Q

How many molecules of O2 can one Hb bind?

A

4

100
Q

T or F: PO2 leaving the tissue capillaries of sketeal muscle is about 40 mmHg and Hb is 75% saturated

A

True

101
Q

What is co-operative binding?

A

As one molecule of O2 binds to hemoglobin another will follow

102
Q

What is the concentration of normal Hb in the arteries?

A

150 g/l

103
Q

T or F: in pulmonary capillaries high PO2 causes binding to Hb

A

True

104
Q

T or F: at tissues, low PO2 causes unloading from Hb

A

True

105
Q

What is a right shift in O2 affinity curve mean?

A

favors release of O2, acidosis, low pH, increased CO2, increased temp

106
Q

What is a left shift in O2 affinity curve mean?

A

favors association of O2, alkalosis, high pH, decreased PCO2, decreased temperature

107
Q

What is 2,3-DPG?

A

a product of glycolysis in RBC’s, production increased under hypoxic conditions

108
Q

Causes right shift of O2 affinity curve, reduced affinity, more unloading, higher P50

A

Increased 2,3-DPG

109
Q

Causes left shift of O2 affinity curve, increased affinity, lower P50

A

Decreased 2,3-DPG

110
Q

What gas has an increased affinity for haemoglobin compared to oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide

111
Q

Does myoglobin have co-operative binding?

A

No

112
Q

When does myoglobin release O2?

A

Only when tissue PO2 becomes very low

113
Q

T or F: fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 and is less likely to give it up

A

True

114
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

By bicarbonate and bound to globin portion of hemoglobin

115
Q

T or F: as bicarbonate leaves RBC, chorlide comes in

A

True

116
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

CO2 content of deoxygenated blood is higher than oxygenated blood

117
Q

Why does the haldane effect happen?

A

When Hb becomes deoxygenated, H+ binds more readily to it, so equilibrium favors blood taking up more C02

118
Q

What is acidtotic?

A

more CO2

119
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

less CO2

120
Q

What is hyperventilation? What is its value?

A

increased ventalation, <40 mmHg

121
Q

What is hypoventaliation? What is its value?

A

decreased ventalation, > 45mmHg

122
Q

What does hyperventilation lead to?

A

Hypocapnia, or low CO2, muscle cramps

123
Q

What does hypoventaliation lead to?

A

Hypercapnia, or high CO2, coma, confusion, drowsiness

124
Q

What will respiratory acidoisis cause?

A

Hyperventilation

125
Q

Which way will the oxygen dissociation curve shift in exercising muscle?

A

Right

126
Q

How does the body regulate breathing?

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

127
Q

What are the three factors that drive breathing?

A

decrease in arterial PO2
increase in arterial PCO2
increase in H+ concentration

128
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? What do they signal? What is their pathway?

A

carotid and aortic bodies
PO2 decrese, PCO2 increase
Aortic-vagus, Carotid-glossopharungeal nerve

129
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate?

A

ventaliation

130
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located? What do they signal? What is their pathway?

A

Suface of medulla
PCO2 increase
Direct connection to respiratory centers

131
Q

T or F: central chemoreceptors deal with signaling O2?

A

False

132
Q

T or F: regulation of both blood CO2 and blood O2 is possible?

A

False

133
Q

Pulmonary stretch receptors located in____. They signal____. Their pathway is____which is slow adapting. Their action is to _____.

A

airway smooth muscle
lung over-inflation
vagus
stop inspiration

134
Q

Irritant receptors are located in____. They signal____. Their pathway is___which is rapidly adapting. Their action is to_____.

A

epithiel surface of airways
respond to inhaled irrtants
vagus
cough

135
Q

T or F: lung inflation will induce tachycardia in the heart

A

True

136
Q

T or F: CNS sends signals to effectors ?

A

True

137
Q

What are the three respiratory centers?

A

Medullary, Apneustic, Pneumotaxic

138
Q

What are the two groups of neurons in the medullary respiratory center?

A

Dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group

139
Q

What is the inspiratory center of the medullary respiratory center?

A

dorsal respiratory group

140
Q

What does the inspiratory center of the medullary respiratory center control? Where does it receive input from?

A

basic rhythm for breathing

peripheral chemoreceptors via vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

141
Q

Where does the inspiratory center output to?

A

via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

142
Q

T or F: the pneumotaxic center is dominant over the apneustic center

A

True

Blood Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions