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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a connective fluid made up of plasma, proteins and formed elements like…

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets

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2
Q

What is a normal hematocrit reading?

A

45% RBC volume

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3
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of blood?

A

Viscosity (thicker)
Temperature ( heat generation by active skeletal m.)
Slightly alkaline ( pH between 7.35 and 7.45)

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4
Q

List 6 functions of blood…

A
  • Clot to prevent blood loss
  • Combat microorganisms with immune response
  • Transport O2 from lungs to cell & CO2 from cells to lungs
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Regulate pH via buffering
  • Control water & electrolyte amount
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5
Q

How does blood regulate pH via buffering?

A

haemoglobin of RBC can combine with CO2 to transport it from tissues to lungs, Hb binds H+ ions and alters pH of blood

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6
Q

What is the red blood cell equation?

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3=H+ + HCO3

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7
Q

What is the function(s) of plasma proteins?

A
  • Establish osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Act as buffer systems
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8
Q

What are three classes of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens

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9
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A

contribute to osmotic pressure of plasma and transport fatty acids

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10
Q

What is the function of globulins?

A

thyroid binding ( binds thyroxine)
transcortin (transports ACTH and cortisol)
transferrin ( transports iron)

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11
Q

What is the function of fibrinogens?

A

blood clotting

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12
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

liver

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13
Q

What are 2 differences between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

concentration of dissolved proteins and levels of respiratory gases

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14
Q

What is the process of production of formed elements called?

A

hematopeiesis

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15
Q

What does PHSC stand for?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

What does PHSC divide into?

A

PHSC, lymphoid stem cell (LSC) and colony forming unit

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17
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce and were are they produced?

A

T cells and B cells and spleen

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18
Q

What is colony forming unit -E influenced by and what does it produce?

A

Erthyropoietin, develops into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes

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19
Q

What is colony forming unit-M influenced by and what does it produce?

A

Thrombopoietin, develops into megakaryocytes and then platelets

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20
Q

How are RBC’s formed?

A

common myeloid progenitor cells begin synthesizing haemoglobin, after several divisons the erythroblast loses its nucleus and becomes immature reticulocyte, it then leaves bone marrow, 2-3 days later loses ER, mitochondria and ribosome’s and become mature erythrocyte (RBC)

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21
Q

T or F: Production and destruction of RBC are maintained at an equal rate?

A

True

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22
Q

T or F: Decreased oxygen levels cause kidney to release erythropoietin?

A

True

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23
Q

How are RBC destroyed?

A

Spleen has narrow capillaries, as aged RBC move through their membranes will rupture

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24
Q

T or F: Macrophages will engulf dead RBC

A

True

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25
What is anaemia?
low number of red blood cells, reduction in O2 carrying capacity
26
What is a anaemic hematocrit?
30 % total RBC volume
27
What are three main causes of anaemia?
decreased rate of RBC production excessive loss of RBC deficiency in hemoglobin of RBC
28
What is nutritional anaemia?
dietary deficiency of a factor needed for RBC production ( ex. not enough iron or folic acid)
29
What is aplastic anaemia?
failure of bone marrow to produce adeqaute numbers of RBC
30
What is haemolytic anaemia?
rupture of excessive numbers of circulating RBC's
31
What happens in a foal who's mother had haemolytic anaemia?
mare produces antibodies against foal's blood type and trasnfers antibodies through milk, foal may develop anemia as mare's antibodies destroy foal's RBC
32
What is AIHA?
Autoimmune haemolytic anemia, body attacks RBC, common in dogs
33
What is polycythemia?
excess of circulating RBC's
34
What is primary polycythemia?
tumor-like condition of bone marrow in which RBC production proceeds at excessive, uncontrolled rate
35
What is secondary polycythemia?
"physiological", prolonged reduction to O2 delivery to tissues, high altitudes
36
What does thrombin do?
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
37
T or F: Serotonin inhibits platelet plug formation?
False
38
T or F: Vascular spasm occurs at the begging of haemostasis?
True
39
What is osmosis?
Movement of solvent from an area of high solvent activity to lower solvent activity through a selectively permeable membrane
40
Where is haemoglobin produced?
Red blood cells
41
T or F: HCO3 diffuses out of RBC's and Cl- diffuses in?
True
42
What cell type gives rise to platelets?
Megakaryocytes
43
How are platelets produced?
Mature megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm, then enter circulation and gradually lose cytoplasm to produce platelets
44
Where is thrombopoietin produced?
kidneys
45
T or F: Platelets leave the blood?
False
46
What are the main functions of platelets?
- transport chemicals - formation of platelet plug - active contraction
47
What is vascular spasm?
cutting of blood vessel wall triggers contraction of smooth muscle fibers, decreses the diameter of the injured vessel, and constriction slows blood flow to minimize blood loss
48
What do endothelial cells do during a vascular spasm?
contract and expose underlying basement membrane to the blood stream, then release endothelin to constrict blood vessels
49
T or F: Do endothelial cells become sticky during a vascular spasm?
True
50
What is the process of platelet plug formation?
When blood vessel lining is injured, platelets attach to exposed collagen, they become activated and change shape and extend and release several compounds
51
What does ADP do in platelet plug formation?
platelet aggregation and shape changes
52
What does thromboxane A2 do in platelet plug formation?
stimulates platelet aggregation and releases ADP, and stimulates smooth muscle contractions in vessel walls enhancing vascular spasms
53
What does calcium do in platelet plug formation?
clotting process and aggregation
54
What is a key factor that limits the growth of platelet plug?
prostacyclin
55
T of F: Vascular spasm and platelet phases begin within a few seconds of injury?
True
56
T or F: Fibrinogen is always circulating in blood stream
True
57
What are procoagulants?
clotting factors
58
What are anticoagulants?
prevent clotting
59
Where are procoagulants released from (think all but 3)
liver
60
T or F: Calcium is invovled in every step of the clotting process?
True
61
T or F: Vitamin K must be present in adequate amounts for liver to synthesize clotting factors?
True
62
What is prothrombin?
Factor II
63
What is proconvertin?
Factor VII
64
T or F: reduction in vitamin k causes breakdown of clotting process due to lack of procoagulants?
True
65
What is an intrinsic pathway?
in the blood, exposure of blood to collagen, takes 1-6 minutes to cause clotting
66
What is an extrinsic pathway?
in liquid of blood, trauma to vessel wall, takes 15 seconds to cause clotting
67
What is clot retraction?
Fluid is squeezed from clot (serum) reduces size of damaged area, fibroblast, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells complete repairs
68
T or F: Fibrinolysis is clot removal?
True
69
T or F: Plasminogen converts in plasmin and degrades fibrin
True
70
T or F: Plasminogen is activated by t-PA
True
71
List 3 reasons why blood doesn't clot all the time?
Smoothness of vessel wall substance inside of wal thrombomodulin
72
Name two anticoagulants
Prostacylin and tissue plasminogen activator
73
What does heparin do? and is it a pro or anti coagulant?
Anti, and it accelerates activation of anti- thrombin III that inhibits the production of several different procoagulants
74
What does Warfarin do?
depress the synthesis of clotting factors by blocking the use of Vitamin K by the liver
75
What are the three factors NOT released by the liver ?
Factor 3, 4 and 8

Blood Physiology (2 decks)

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