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Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary Function

A

Bring air + blood together with equal flow rates for gas exchange

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2
Q

UAW

A 
(Upper Airway)
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
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3
Q

Nose

A

Nares - ultradian
Septum - creates 2 cavities
Turbinates/Conchae - ciliated and increase SA

Function:

  1. FIltration
  2. Heating
  3. Humidification
  4. Phonation
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4
Q

Sinuses

A

Air-filled cavities within skull

  • lighten head
  • voice resonance
  • lined with cilia and goblet cells
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5
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Assess “W” for tissue inflammation

  • Uvula
  • Palatine tonsils on either side
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6
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasal cavity down to epiglottis / larynx and trachea

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7
Q

OSA

A

(Obstructive Sleep Apnea)

Tongue or body deformations obstruct UAW

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8
Q

Epiglottis

A

Disc that covers larynx to prevent aspiration

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9
Q

Larynx

A

Narrowest and most inferior part of UAW

  • Series of cartilage U’s
  • Cricoid Cartilage - full ring used during intubation
  • vocal cords here

*AIRFLOW

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10
Q

Larynx: Ventilation

A

In: vocal cords ABD
Out: vocal cords ADD slightly

*Valsalva’s Maneuver

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11
Q

Valsalva’s Maneuver

A

ADDuction of vocal cords to seal off larynx and prevent air escape

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12
Q

Lungs

A 
Right:
  -2 fissures / 3 lobes
  -shorter for liver
  -wider, more vertical bronchus
Left:
  -1 fissure / 2 lobes

Sit in pleural cavity on either side of mediastinum
-Visceral / pleural space / parietal pleura

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13
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural space

  • causes separation of pleura
    • ->pressure builds and collapses lungs
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14
Q

Blep

A

Large, weakened alveoli

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15
Q

LAW

A 
(Lower Airway)
Conducting Zone:
   -Trachea
   -Mainstem bronchi (1*)
   -Carina
   -Lobar bronchi (2*)
   -Segmental bronchi (3*)
   -Bronchioles (no cartilage)
   -Terminal bronchioles (no cartilage)
Respiratory Zone:
   -Respiratory bronchioles
   -alveoli
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16
Q

Conducting Zone

A

Portion of LAW where air simply passes through, no gas exchange:
-Trachea to terminal bronchioles

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17
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Portion of LAW where gas exchange occurs:

  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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18
Q

Mucous Blanket

A

Two ciliated layers in lungs that help move fluid and secretions moving up and out of lungs

  1. Sol (aqueous)
  2. Gel
  • Disease breaks up blanket
    • ->fluid and bacteria remain
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19
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Functional pulmonary units in respiratory zone of LAW

-lead into alveoli where gas exchange occurs

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20
Q

Acinus

A

Basic pulmonary unit

21
Q

Pneumocytes

A

Cells in walls of alveoli
Type I - create lining
Type II - produce surfactant

22
Q

Surfactant

A

Substance formed by Type II Pneumocyte:

  • reduces surface tension
    • ->keeps lungs open and prevents collapse
23
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs at end of respiratory bronchioles
-collateral ventilation (air moves alveoli-alveoli) through
pores of Kohn

24
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

2 flows to lung:
1. Pulmonary arteries deliver venous blood to
nourish
2. Pulmonary veins remove oxygenated blood to
take to heart

25
Respiratory Membrane
Three layered membrane between capillaries and alveoli: - alveolar wall - interstitial CT - capillary endothelium * GAS EXCHANGE!! - if enlarged with disease, diffusion more difficult
26
Respiratory Natural Defenses
1. Turbinates 2. Tonsils (adenoids) 3. Epiglottis
27
AW Reflexes
1. Cough (debris out) 2. Gag (prevents aspiration) 3. Sneeze 4. Swallow *Lost during anesthesia
28
O2 Transport
1. Bound to Hgb O2 affinity INC in pulmonary cap O2 affinity DEC in systemic cap 2. Dissolved in plasma (<2%) Amt pumped out of heart per minute: [O2 Transport = CO x CaO2 x 10] (Norm ~1000mL/min)
29
O2 Affinity
Hgb's attraction to O2 -->enables saturation for transport and release at arrival
30
Oxyhemoglobin DIssociation Curve
Relationship b/w PaO2 in alveoli and O2 saturation on Hgb PaO2 > 60 --> High affinity, pick up PaO2 < 60 --> Low affinity, drop off Norm P02 in alveoli: 40-100mmHg Norm Hgb Sat: 70-97%
31
Factors that Affect O2 Affinity for Hgb
1. Body temp (INVERSE) 2. 2,3 dpg (INVERSE) 3. pH (DIRECT)
32
O2 Consumption
Total O2 consumed by body per minute | Norm ~ 200-290mL/min
33
Factors that Precipitate Hypoxic Injury
1. DEC CO 2. DEC Hgb saturation 3. Anemia 4. INC tissue O2 requirements 5. Inability of cells to use O2 (cyanide poisoning)
34
Hypoxic Compensatory Mechanisms
1. INC CO | 2. INC Hgb
35
CO2
Fundamental trigger of inspiration Detected by chemoreceptors INC CO2 = INC Bicarb = INC H+ = INC RR *Unless chronic lung disease where CO2 is always high, then O2 stimulates inspiration
36
Herring Breuer Reflex
Pulmonary stretch receptors protect lungs from over-distending during inspiration
37
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of lungs
38
Oxygenation
Movement of O2 into blood and tissues
39
CO2 Transport
Crosses respiratory membrane faster than O2 1. Dissolved in plasma 2. HCO3- (Bicarbonate) 3. Combined with proteins and Hgb
40
Diaphragm
Muscle of inspiration - Contraction causes pressure drop in lungs - ->pulls air in Innervated by Phrenic N (C345)
41
Accessory Muscles of Inspiration
1. Scalenes 2. Sternocleidomastoid 3. Pectoralis major 4. Trap 5. External intercostals
42
Accessory Muscles of Expiration
When RAW elevated, these muscles contract and increase intrathoracic pressure to push air OUT: 1. Rectus abdominis 2. Ext abdominis 3. Int abdominis 4. Transverse abdominis 5. Int intercostals
43
RAW
(Airway Resistance) Restricts movement of air out of lungs and increases use of accessory muscles of expirations Factors: 1. Diameter of AW 2. Smooth muscle contraxn 3. Vascular engorgement 4. Excessive secretions
44
V/Q Ratio
``` (Ventilation / Blood Flow) -Gravity -Shunting -Deadspace Normal: 0.8 - 1.2 (4:5) ```
45
Shunt
(Perfusion without ventilation) Block of air getting into alveoli -->Hypoventilation Causes: - pleural effusion in alveoli - bronchitis, emphysema, asthma (rel shunt)
46
Deadspace Ventilation
Ventilation with too little or no perfusion Cause: -PE --> blocks blood flow to alveoli
47
APGAR Score
``` Appearance - Color Pulse - HR Grimace - Reflex Activity - Muscle tone Respirations - Effort ```
48
CPAP
(Continuous Positive AW Pressure) | Machine that keeps lungs open by creating positive pressure

PHYSICAL THERAPY (13 decks)

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