Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
Ventilation involves both internal and external components
False
Which are the components of respiration
Gas exchange
Oxygen utilization
Ventilation
Internal respiration occurs most frequently in the respiratory zone
False
The pharynx is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems
True
Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant
False
The “Adams’s apple” is formed by the largest cartilage of the pharynx
True
A tracheotomy is the insertion of a tube into the trachea
False
Black lung causes pulmonary fibrosis due to the inhalation of large amounts of carbon dust
True
The conducting zone contains which structures?
The primary bronchi
The larynx
The internal bronchioles
Inhalation and accumulation of particles less that 6mm in size can cause
Pulmonary fibrosis
What causes rapid rate of diffusion across the respiratory membrane?
There are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane
Alveoli are one cell thick
The air blood barrier is two cells thick
Structures that make part of the conducting zone
Primary bronchi
Trachea
Nose
Functions of the conducting zone
Filtering and cleaning the air
Warming and humidifying the air
Pleural membranes envelop organs within the thoracic cavity
True
The ______ separated the abdominal and thoracic cavities
Diaphragm
The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs
False
Intrapulmonary pressure increases as the diaphragm contracts
False
Intrapleural pressure ______ during expiration
Increases
During inspiration…..
Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
An individual with a pneumothorax would have air in the pleural space
True
What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Boyle’s Law
A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is
Compliance
The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is
Elasticity
Lung compliance increases s the amount of surfactant in the lung increases
True
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
Surfactant
How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs
It reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to
Active transport of Cl- out of alveolar cells
What condition is marked by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs due to permeability changes triggered by the inflammatory response to systemic infection?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of
Type II alveolar cells
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack
Surfactant
According to who’s law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal?
Laplace’s Law
Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles expands the thoracic cavity
False
Which muscle’s contraction will stimulate inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Parasternal intercostals
Quiet expiration is caused by
Lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure
Forced (deep) inspiration occurs with the contraction of the
Scalenes
Quiet inspiration will ___ thoracic and lung volume and ___ intrapulmonary pressure.
Increase, decrease
Quiet expiration will increase intrapulmonary pressure to about +3 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
True
Forced expiratory volume tests are used to differentiate between restrictive and obstructive lung disorders
True
The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory capacity
True
Obstructive pulmonary disease often cause the FEV1 to be decreased by ___ or more
20%
Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders
True
The oxygen concentration of inspired air is higher than that of alveolar air
True
Cessation of breathing is known as
Apnea
The anatomical dead space…
Has a lower concentration of oxygen that atmospheric air
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the
Tidal volume
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the
Residual volume
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the
Total lung capacity
An atopic allergic asthmatic would had
Activation of helper T lymphocytes
Production of IgE
Pulmonary eosinphilia
Asthmatics will have decreased amounts of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines during an attach
False
Sympathetic agonists could be utilized to treat asthma
True
Cor pulmonale may result from a COPD such as emphysema
True
What drug that is used as a treatment for asthma, promotes broncho-dilation by selectively stimulating beta 2-adrenergic receptors?
Terbutaline
What results from emphysema
Reduced gas exchange surface area
Air trapping
Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by
Breathing in coal dust
Which are the inflammatory cells associated with COPD but not asthma
Mast cells
Helper T cells
Eosinophils
The partial pressure of oxygen decreases at high altitude because the amount of oxygen in the air is decreased
False
Who’s law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture exert independently
Dalton’s Law
Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be
114 mm Hg
Increasing the partial pressure of a gas increases the amount of that gas which will dissolve in a fluid
True
The presence of water vapor in the air will reduce the partial pressure of oxygen
True
The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood
Is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
Who’s las states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
Henry’s law
Breathing 100% oxygen will increase the total oxygen content of whole blood by 5 times
False
What instrument is used to measure the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation of the blood
Pulse oxymeter
Breathing 100% oxygen will
Significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues
Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT
Both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood
Measurements of arterial P CO2 are used to assess lung function
True
An oxygen electrode will measure the amount of free oxygen in the plasma and the amount of oxygen bonded to hemoglobin
False
Normal P O2 is
100mm Hg
Normal alveolar P O2 is
105mm Hg
Normal venous P CO2 is
46mm Hg
Normal alveolar P CO2 is
40mm Hg
Normal venous P O2 is
40mm Hg
The foramen ovale
Closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance
The ventilation/perfusion ratio
Increases when blood flow is decreased
Blood flow is greatest at the ___ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ___ of the lungs
Base, base
The ventilation/perfusion ration is ___ at the apex of the lungs
Highest
Pulmonary circulation is a ___ resistance and ___ pressure pathway
Low, low
Pulmonary arterioles ___ and system arterioles ___ when P O2 is low
Constrict, dilate
When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will
Increase
What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions
Nitrogen narcosis
What can be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning and gangrene
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy:
Can be used to promote wound healing
When a diver descends 20 meters below sea level, the total atmospheric pressure would be ___ the pressure at sea level
Triple
Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ___ to form in the good
Nitrogen
Decompression sickness could occur if an airplane’s cabin depressurized at a high altitude
True
Activation of the apneustic canter would increased tidal volume
False
Ondine’s curse is a condition in which involuntary control of breathing is abolished so that patients must remind themselves to breathe
True
Arterial blood pH is indirectly proportional to the partial carbon dioxide pressure of arterial blood
False
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide
False
Hypocapnia would induce a rise in the pH of arterial blood
True
Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the
Aortic and carotid bodies
Peripheral chemoreceptors are directly stimulate by blood CO2 levels
False
Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the
Cerebrospinal fluid
The primary drive to breath is elicited by
Increased P CO2
What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels
Hypoxemia
The direct role of blood oxygen levels in controlling respiration is called
Hypoxic drive
The rhythmicity center is located in the
Medulla oblongata
The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involve with
Inspiration
The 1 neuron of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the
Phrenic nerve
Hyperventilation is stimulated by
Hypercapnia
What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx, along with rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog?
Irritant receptors
What type of nerve fibers are stimulated by capsaicin that causes apnea, then rapid, shallow breathing?
Unmyelinated C fibers
Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the
Hering-Breuer reflex
The production of hemoglobin and red blood cells in bone marrow is controlled by a hormone called thymopoietin
False
___ is characterized by high red blood cell count
Polycythemia
Renal production of ___ is stimulated by hypoxemia
Erythropoietin
If P O2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying?
20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood
The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is
Methemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is
Oxyhemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and NOT bonded to oxygen is
Deoxyhemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to carbon monoxide is
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbon monoxide is lethal because it
Binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding
The formation of oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin at the lungs is called an unloading reaction
False
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ___ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised
Increased
What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation
97%
Increasing arterial blood temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
True
The Bohr effect
Describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Arterial percent oxygen saturation is greatly affected by exercise
False
At rest, normal oxygen unloading is
22%
According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Decreases
Tissues receive more O2 when the pH is lowered
True
When tissues are producing more CO2 through increased metabolic activity, less O2 is provided to those tissues
False
A decreased in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the
Left
An increase in 2,3- diphosphoglyceric (DPG) acid will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Decrease
What type of hemoglobin cannot bind to 2,3 DPG and thus has a higher affinity for oxygen
Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin F
Contains two alpha and two gamma chains
2,3 DPG comes from
Anaerobic respiration in red blood cells
In anemia, 2,3 DPG is __ and oxygen affinity is ___
Increased, decreased
A decreased affinity for oxygen shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right
True
Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Decreased pH
Increased temperature or
Increased 2,3 DPG
A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is
Thalassemia
Persons with thalassemia will have large amounts of hemoglobin F
True
What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia can be treated with the drug hydroxyurea which stimulates
Production of hemoglobin gamma chains
Myoglobin binds to more oxygen molecules than hemoglobin
False
The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by
Myoglobin
Myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
True
Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes would cause a decrease in the pH of arterial blood
False
The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the
Chloride shift
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as
Bicarbonate ion
The enzyme ___ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbon dioxide ___ oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading ___ carbon dioxide transport
Increases, improves
The chloride shift and its reverse play an important role in the acid-base balance of the blood
True
Where does the reverse chloride shift occur
Pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation
False
Hypoventilation can correct
Metabolic alkalosis
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis
The metabolic regulation of blood pH occurs in
The kidneys
Carbonic acid is a volatile acid since its concentration int he blood is controlled by breathing
True
Metabolic alkalosis
May be caused by excessive vomiting
A pH above 7.5 is considered
Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys
True
During exercise, arterial carbon dioxide is normally increased
False
Which of the following changes would occur during exercise
Increased oxygen extraction by muscles
The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both neurogenic and humoral responses
True
Blood pH decreases over time during moderate to heavy exercise
False
An increase in ventilation due to a higher elevation is called
Hypoxic ventilatory response
Acclimatization to altitude results in increased oxygen loading
False
Acclimatization to high altitude results in ___ 2,3 DPG in erythrocytes
Increase
Acclimatization to altitude
Stimulates increased blood cell synthesis
Nitric oxide (NO) may form the following compound and increase the drive to breath
SNOs
TRUE statements about acute mountain sickness
May be treated with a drug that causes excretion of bicarbonate
Low P O2 in the brain causes a headache
Pulmonary and cerebral edema are serious complications
After a few days at a higher elevation, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases due to 2,3 DPG
True
A lower affinity for oxygen will decrease oxygen unloading to tissues
False
