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Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation involves both internal and external components

A

False

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2
Q

Which are the components of respiration

A

Gas exchange
Oxygen utilization
Ventilation

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3
Q

Internal respiration occurs most frequently in the respiratory zone

A

False

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4
Q

The pharynx is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems

A

True

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5
Q

Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant

A

False

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6
Q

The “Adams’s apple” is formed by the largest cartilage of the pharynx

A

True

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7
Q

A tracheotomy is the insertion of a tube into the trachea

A

False

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8
Q

Black lung causes pulmonary fibrosis due to the inhalation of large amounts of carbon dust

A

True

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9
Q

The conducting zone contains which structures?

A

The primary bronchi
The larynx
The internal bronchioles

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10
Q

Inhalation and accumulation of particles less that 6mm in size can cause

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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11
Q

What causes rapid rate of diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

There are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane
Alveoli are one cell thick
The air blood barrier is two cells thick

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12
Q

Structures that make part of the conducting zone

A

Primary bronchi
Trachea
Nose

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13
Q

Functions of the conducting zone

A

Filtering and cleaning the air

Warming and humidifying the air

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14
Q

Pleural membranes envelop organs within the thoracic cavity

A

True

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15
Q

The ______ separated the abdominal and thoracic cavities

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs

A

False

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17
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure increases as the diaphragm contracts

A

False

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18
Q

Intrapleural pressure ______ during expiration

A

Increases

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19
Q

During inspiration…..

A

Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

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20
Q

An individual with a pneumothorax would have air in the pleural space

A

True

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21
Q

What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

A

Boyle’s Law

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22
Q

A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is

A

Compliance

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23
Q

The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is

A

Elasticity

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24
Q

Lung compliance increases s the amount of surfactant in the lung increases

A

True

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25
Q

What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

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26
Q

How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs

A

It reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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27
Q

Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to

A

Active transport of Cl- out of alveolar cells

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28
Q

What condition is marked by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs due to permeability changes triggered by the inflammatory response to systemic infection?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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29
Q

Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of

A

Type II alveolar cells

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30
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack

A

Surfactant

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31
Q

According to who’s law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal?

A

Laplace’s Law

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32
Q

Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles expands the thoracic cavity

A

False

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33
Q

Which muscle’s contraction will stimulate inspiration?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Parasternal intercostals

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34
Q

Quiet expiration is caused by

A

Lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure

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35
Q

Forced (deep) inspiration occurs with the contraction of the

A

Scalenes

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36
Q

Quiet inspiration will ___ thoracic and lung volume and ___ intrapulmonary pressure.

A

Increase, decrease

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37
Q

Quiet expiration will increase intrapulmonary pressure to about +3 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure

A

True

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38
Q

Forced expiratory volume tests are used to differentiate between restrictive and obstructive lung disorders

A

True

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39
Q

The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory capacity

A

True

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40
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease often cause the FEV1 to be decreased by ___ or more

A

20%

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41
Q

Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders

A

True

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42
Q

The oxygen concentration of inspired air is higher than that of alveolar air

A

True

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43
Q

Cessation of breathing is known as

A

Apnea

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44
Q

The anatomical dead space…

A

Has a lower concentration of oxygen that atmospheric air

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45
Q

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the

A

Tidal volume

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46
Q

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the

A

Residual volume

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47
Q

The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the

A

Total lung capacity

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48
Q

An atopic allergic asthmatic would had

A

Activation of helper T lymphocytes
Production of IgE
Pulmonary eosinphilia

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49
Q

Asthmatics will have decreased amounts of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines during an attach

A

False

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50
Q

Sympathetic agonists could be utilized to treat asthma

A

True

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51
Q

Cor pulmonale may result from a COPD such as emphysema

A

True

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52
Q

What drug that is used as a treatment for asthma, promotes broncho-dilation by selectively stimulating beta 2-adrenergic receptors?

A

Terbutaline

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53
Q

What results from emphysema

A

Reduced gas exchange surface area
Air trapping
Cor pulmonale

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54
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by

A

Breathing in coal dust

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55
Q

Which are the inflammatory cells associated with COPD but not asthma

A

Mast cells
Helper T cells
Eosinophils

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56
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen decreases at high altitude because the amount of oxygen in the air is decreased

A

False

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57
Q

Who’s law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture exert independently

A

Dalton’s Law

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58
Q

Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be

A

114 mm Hg

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59
Q

Increasing the partial pressure of a gas increases the amount of that gas which will dissolve in a fluid

A

True

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60
Q

The presence of water vapor in the air will reduce the partial pressure of oxygen

A

True

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61
Q

The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood

A

Is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

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62
Q

Who’s las states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

A

Henry’s law

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63
Q

Breathing 100% oxygen will increase the total oxygen content of whole blood by 5 times

A

False

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64
Q

What instrument is used to measure the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation of the blood

A

Pulse oxymeter

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65
Q

Breathing 100% oxygen will

A

Significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues

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66
Q

Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT

A

Both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood

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67
Q

Measurements of arterial P CO2 are used to assess lung function

A

True

68
Q

An oxygen electrode will measure the amount of free oxygen in the plasma and the amount of oxygen bonded to hemoglobin

A

False

69
Q

Normal P O2 is

A

100mm Hg

70
Q

Normal alveolar P O2 is

A

105mm Hg

71
Q

Normal venous P CO2 is

A

46mm Hg

72
Q

Normal alveolar P CO2 is

A

40mm Hg

73
Q

Normal venous P O2 is

A

40mm Hg

74
Q

The foramen ovale

A

Closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance

75
Q

The ventilation/perfusion ratio

A

Increases when blood flow is decreased

76
Q

Blood flow is greatest at the ___ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ___ of the lungs

A

Base, base

77
Q

The ventilation/perfusion ration is ___ at the apex of the lungs

A

Highest

78
Q

Pulmonary circulation is a ___ resistance and ___ pressure pathway

A

Low, low

79
Q

Pulmonary arterioles ___ and system arterioles ___ when P O2 is low

A

Constrict, dilate

80
Q

When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will

A

Increase

81
Q

What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions

A

Nitrogen narcosis

82
Q

What can be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning and gangrene

A

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

83
Q

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy:

A

Can be used to promote wound healing

84
Q

When a diver descends 20 meters below sea level, the total atmospheric pressure would be ___ the pressure at sea level

A

Triple

85
Q

Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ___ to form in the good

A

Nitrogen

86
Q

Decompression sickness could occur if an airplane’s cabin depressurized at a high altitude

A

True

87
Q

Activation of the apneustic canter would increased tidal volume

A

False

88
Q

Ondine’s curse is a condition in which involuntary control of breathing is abolished so that patients must remind themselves to breathe

A

True

89
Q

Arterial blood pH is indirectly proportional to the partial carbon dioxide pressure of arterial blood

A

False

90
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

False

91
Q

Hypocapnia would induce a rise in the pH of arterial blood

A

True

92
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the

A

Aortic and carotid bodies

93
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are directly stimulate by blood CO2 levels

A

False

94
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

95
Q

The primary drive to breath is elicited by

A

Increased P CO2

96
Q

What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels

A

Hypoxemia

97
Q

The direct role of blood oxygen levels in controlling respiration is called

A

Hypoxic drive

98
Q

The rhythmicity center is located in the

A

Medulla oblongata

99
Q

The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involve with

A

Inspiration

100
Q

The 1 neuron of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the

A

Phrenic nerve

101
Q

Hyperventilation is stimulated by

A

Hypercapnia

102
Q

What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx, along with rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog?

A

Irritant receptors

103
Q

What type of nerve fibers are stimulated by capsaicin that causes apnea, then rapid, shallow breathing?

A

Unmyelinated C fibers

104
Q

Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

105
Q

The production of hemoglobin and red blood cells in bone marrow is controlled by a hormone called thymopoietin

A

False

106
Q

___ is characterized by high red blood cell count

A

Polycythemia

107
Q

Renal production of ___ is stimulated by hypoxemia

A

Erythropoietin

108
Q

If P O2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying?

A

20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood

109
Q

The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is

A

Methemoglobin

110
Q

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is

A

Oxyhemoglobin

111
Q

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and NOT bonded to oxygen is

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

112
Q

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to carbon monoxide is

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

113
Q

Carbon monoxide is lethal because it

A

Binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding

114
Q

The formation of oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin at the lungs is called an unloading reaction

A

False

115
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ___ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised

A

Increased

116
Q

What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation

A

97%

117
Q

Increasing arterial blood temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

True

118
Q

The Bohr effect

A

Describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

119
Q

Arterial percent oxygen saturation is greatly affected by exercise

A

False

120
Q

At rest, normal oxygen unloading is

A

22%

121
Q

According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Decreases

122
Q

Tissues receive more O2 when the pH is lowered

A

True

123
Q

When tissues are producing more CO2 through increased metabolic activity, less O2 is provided to those tissues

A

False

124
Q

A decreased in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the

A

Left

125
Q

An increase in 2,3- diphosphoglyceric (DPG) acid will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Decrease

126
Q

What type of hemoglobin cannot bind to 2,3 DPG and thus has a higher affinity for oxygen

A

Hemoglobin F

127
Q

Hemoglobin F

A

Contains two alpha and two gamma chains

128
Q

2,3 DPG comes from

A

Anaerobic respiration in red blood cells

129
Q

In anemia, 2,3 DPG is __ and oxygen affinity is ___

A

Increased, decreased

130
Q

A decreased affinity for oxygen shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

A

True

131
Q

Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Decreased pH
Increased temperature or
Increased 2,3 DPG

132
Q

A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is

A

Thalassemia

133
Q

Persons with thalassemia will have large amounts of hemoglobin F

A

True

134
Q

What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S

A

Sickle cell anemia

135
Q

Sickle cell anemia can be treated with the drug hydroxyurea which stimulates

A

Production of hemoglobin gamma chains

136
Q

Myoglobin binds to more oxygen molecules than hemoglobin

A

False

137
Q

The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by

A

Myoglobin

138
Q

Myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin

A

True

139
Q

Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes would cause a decrease in the pH of arterial blood

A

False

140
Q

The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the

A

Chloride shift

141
Q

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as

A

Bicarbonate ion

142
Q

The enzyme ___ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water

A

Carbonic anhydrase

143
Q

Carbon dioxide ___ oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading ___ carbon dioxide transport

A

Increases, improves

144
Q

The chloride shift and its reverse play an important role in the acid-base balance of the blood

A

True

145
Q

Where does the reverse chloride shift occur

A

Pulmonary capillaries

146
Q

Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation

A

False

147
Q

Hypoventilation can correct

A

Metabolic alkalosis

148
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis

149
Q

The metabolic regulation of blood pH occurs in

A

The kidneys

150
Q

Carbonic acid is a volatile acid since its concentration int he blood is controlled by breathing

A

True

151
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

May be caused by excessive vomiting

152
Q

A pH above 7.5 is considered

A

Alkalosis

153
Q

Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys

A

True

154
Q

During exercise, arterial carbon dioxide is normally increased

A

False

155
Q

Which of the following changes would occur during exercise

A

Increased oxygen extraction by muscles

156
Q

The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both neurogenic and humoral responses

A

True

157
Q

Blood pH decreases over time during moderate to heavy exercise

A

False

158
Q

An increase in ventilation due to a higher elevation is called

A

Hypoxic ventilatory response

159
Q

Acclimatization to altitude results in increased oxygen loading

A

False

160
Q

Acclimatization to high altitude results in ___ 2,3 DPG in erythrocytes

A

Increase

161
Q

Acclimatization to altitude

A

Stimulates increased blood cell synthesis

162
Q

Nitric oxide (NO) may form the following compound and increase the drive to breath

A

SNOs

163
Q

TRUE statements about acute mountain sickness

A

May be treated with a drug that causes excretion of bicarbonate
Low P O2 in the brain causes a headache
Pulmonary and cerebral edema are serious complications

164
Q

After a few days at a higher elevation, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases due to 2,3 DPG

A

True

165
Q

A lower affinity for oxygen will decrease oxygen unloading to tissues

A

False

Physiology (3 decks)

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