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Physiology > Physiology of the Kidneys > Flashcards

Physiology of the Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid

A

False

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2
Q

Blood pressure is regulated through the action of the kidneys

A

True

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3
Q

The action of the kidney includes regulation of

A

Blood plasma pH
Blood plasma volume
Blood plasma electrolyte concentration

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4
Q

What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

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5
Q

Urine collects in the urinary bladder prior to entry into the urethra

A

True

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6
Q

Damage to the lumbar region of the spinal cord could impair micturition

A

False

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7
Q

The renal pelvis receives urine form the

A

Major calyses

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8
Q

Damage to which neurons would impair micturition

A

Parasympathetic neurons
Sympathetic neurons
Pudendal somatic motor neurons

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9
Q

___ are composed of crystals and proteins that grow until they break loose and pass into the urine collection system

A

Renal calculi

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10
Q

Shock-wake lithotripsy is used to treat

A

Renal calculi

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11
Q

Incontinence could develop as a result of

A

Pressure on the detrusor muscle
Poor bladder compliance
Damage to the external urethral sphincter

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12
Q

The process of urination is called

A

Micturition

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13
Q

The ___ is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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14
Q

The ___ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules

A

Gomerulus

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15
Q

___ is an autosomal dominant inherited condition in which progressive renal failure develops due to expanded potions of the renal tubule

A

Polysystic kidney disease

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16
Q

The ___nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine

A

Juxtamedullary

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17
Q

What structure is an arteriole capillary bed - drained by an arteriole intend of a venule

A

Glomerulus

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18
Q

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the

A

Peritubular capillaries

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19
Q

Which is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

The guarding reflex allows the urinary bladder to fill by

A

Inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle
Stimulating sympathetic nerves to the external urethral sphincter to contract
Responding to the stretch receptors in the bladder wall

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21
Q

Where is the micturition center

A

Pons

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22
Q

Which sphincter is under voluntary control

A

External urethral sphincter

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23
Q

The guarding reflex prevents voiding

A

True

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24
Q

Which are potential filtration barriers in the glomerular capsule

A

Glomerular basement membrane
Capillary fenestrate
Slit diaphragm

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25
Q

The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the

A

Slit diaphragm

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26
Q

What type of cells form the third filtration barrier

A

Podocytes

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27
Q

What is the order that filtrate must pass through to the glomerular capsule

A

Capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium

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28
Q

What is the net filtration pressure of the glomerular capillaries

A

10 mmHg outward

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29
Q

Which of the following is a layer or the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular visceral epithelium
Glomerular parietal epithelium
Glomerular endothelium

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30
Q

Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure

A

True

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31
Q

Highly elevated blood pressure would stimulate an increased glomerular filtration rate

A

True

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32
Q

A decrease in blood pressure will cause an increase in GFR through sympathetic stimulation

A

False

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33
Q

The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to

A

180 L/day

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34
Q

An increase in GFR leads to an increase in urine production

A

True

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35
Q

Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause

A

Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

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36
Q

Macula dense cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

True

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37
Q

ATP and adenosine fram macula densa cells stimulate vasodilation of the afferent arteriole

A

False

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38
Q

The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called

A

Renal auto regulation

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39
Q

Hypotension would induce ___ of afferent arterioles

A

Dilation

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40
Q

The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the

A

Macula densa

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41
Q

Glomerular filtration would be decreased by

A

Decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure

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42
Q

Through renal auto regulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arteriole to ___ and therefore the GFR will ____.

A

Constrict, not change

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43
Q

Under condition of severe dehydration approximately 99.2% of the glomerular ultra filtrate volume is reabsorbed

A

False

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44
Q

The minimum urine volume needed to excrete metabolic waste produced by the body is called as

A

Obligatory water loss

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45
Q

The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called

A

Reabsorption

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46
Q

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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47
Q

The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic waste is ___ per day.

A

400 mL

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48
Q

The transport of water is always an active process

A

False

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49
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it

A

True

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50
Q

The ___ surface of the simple cubical epithelia in the proximal convoluted tubule contains microvilli

A

Basal

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51
Q

Na+ reabsorption is a(n) ___ process, while Cl- reabsorption is a(n) ___ process.

A

Active, passive

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52
Q

Epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a lower concentration of Na+ than the filtrate

A

True

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53
Q

What create a Na+ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule

A

Na+/K+ pump

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54
Q

Na+ moves by ___ from the filtrate into the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule

A

Diffusion

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55
Q

The reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule creates an osmotic gradient for the diffusion of ___ to occur

A

H2O

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56
Q

Since water follows the reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule, the filtrate is isomotic with the blood

A

True

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57
Q

The proximal tubule and loop of Henle are subject to hormonal regulation of sodium and water

A

False

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58
Q

As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolality of the filtrate increases

A

True

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59
Q

Na+ is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle from the tubular lumen

A

False

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60
Q

The ___ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water

A

Ascending

61
Q

The ___ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt

A

Descending

62
Q

The tubular filtrate osmolarity ___ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Decreases

63
Q

Inhibition of the functions of the descending limb of the loop of Henle would stimulate

A

Decreased water reabsorption

64
Q

The vasa recta have the net effect of concentrating solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla

A

True

65
Q

The ___ acts as a countercurrent exchanger

A

Vasa recta

66
Q

Salt leaving the ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the loos of water from the descending limb of the loop of Hnele

A

True

67
Q

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

A

Base of the Loop of Henle

68
Q

What is present in the casa recta to remove water for the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla

A

Aquaporins

69
Q

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the action sod the

A

Both vasa recta and loop of Henle

70
Q

___ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hyportonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules

A

Urea

71
Q

Urea transport in the collecting duct is a(n) ___ process

A

Passive

72
Q

Urea is transported out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle to add to the high osmolarity of the medulla

A

False

73
Q

The collecting duct is naturally impermeable to salt but permeable to water

A

True

74
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with the inadequate secretion or action of ADH

A

False

75
Q

Water permeability in the collecting duct is varied by altering the number of aquaporins present

A

True

76
Q

The maximal response to antidiuretic hormone occurs int he cortical nephrons

A

False

77
Q

Water permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule is regulated by antidiuretic hormone

A

False

78
Q

The presence of antidiuretic hormone causes aquaporins to be formed in the collecting duct cells

A

True

79
Q

Antidiuretic hormone exerts its effect via a cAMP second messenger system

A

True

80
Q

Neurohypophyseal secretion os ___ stimulates formation of concentrated urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone

81
Q

An increase in plasma osmolality will cause the secretion of ADH

A

True

82
Q

An increase of blood volume will cause secretion of ADH

A

False

83
Q

Tubular ultrafiltrate enters the collecting duct from the

A

Distal convoluted tubule

84
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney
Induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane
Is secreted in response to dehydration

85
Q

Tubular secretion of small xenobioticsis often accomplished by polyspecific organic anion transporters

A

True

86
Q

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as

A

Renal clearance

87
Q

Which transporters in the proximal tubule are polyspecific and transport small molecules of drugs and toxins to the ultrafiltrate

A

Organic anion transporters

88
Q

The effectiveness of some antibiotics, such as penicillin, is enhanced by preventing their exertion by use of

A

Probenecid

89
Q

The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called

A

Secretion

90
Q

Renal clearance is decreased by reabsorption and increased by secretion

A

True

91
Q

Where are OATs located

A

Basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells

92
Q

Inulin clearance gives a measurement of the glomerular filtration rate

A

True

93
Q

Inulin is a good measure of GFT because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys

A

True

94
Q

Plasma measurement of creatinine is a close estimate of GFT

A

True

95
Q

Decreased glomerular filtration rate would

A

Decrease plasma creatinine clearance rate

96
Q

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and reabsorbed must be less than the GFR

A

True

97
Q

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and secreted is ___ the GFR

A

Greater than

98
Q

The renal clearance of PAH ___ glomerular filtration rate

A

Exceeds

99
Q

PAH actually measures

A

Total renal blood flow

100
Q

The minimum plasma concentration of a substance that results int he excretion of that substance in the urine is the

A

Renal plasma threshold

101
Q

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is ___ the GFT

A

Equal to

102
Q

The concentration of glucose in the glomerular ultra filtrate is less than that of plasma

A

False

103
Q

Only about 20% of renal blood is filtered in one pass through the kidneys

A

True

104
Q

The ___ is the saturation point of renal carrier molecules

A

Transport maximum

105
Q

People with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria because

A

The plasma glucose concentration is greater than the renal plasma threshold

106
Q

People with diabetes mellitus have polyuria because

A

They have greater oncotic pressure in the kidney tubules

107
Q

Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates renal potassium retention

A

False

108
Q

Inhibition of ___ secretion from the adrenal cortex stimulates hyperkalemia

A

Aldosterone

109
Q

Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce

A

Decreased plasma potassium

110
Q

Diuretics often act on

A

The distal convoluted tubule

111
Q

The main region of aldosterone action is the

A

Cortical collecting duct

112
Q

Due to the action of the aldosterone, water is reabsorbed because

A

Sodium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood

113
Q

Granular cells if the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to decreased blood volume and increased sympathetic nerve activity by secreting

A

Renin

114
Q

Angiotensin - converting enzyme is mostly present in the capillaries of the

A

Lung

115
Q

The presence of renin secreting tumors may cause

A

Hypertension
Increased aldosterone secretion
Increased renal sodium reabsorption

116
Q

Hemorrhage would induce

A

Increased renin secertion

117
Q

An inadequate dietary intake of NaCl will cause

A

Increased renin secretion

118
Q

Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a (n) ___ in blood Na+ or a(n) ___ in blood K+

A

Decrease, increase

119
Q

The conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II occurs primarily in the

A

Lungs

120
Q

Potassium secretion by the kidneys is only possible due to the action of aldosterone

A

False

121
Q

Diuresis is stimulated by atrial natriuretic peptide

A

True

122
Q

Changes in blood volume are detected by

A

Stretch receptors in the atria

123
Q

Conn’s syndrome results in hypokalemia and

A

Both metabolic alkalosis and loss of H+

124
Q

Depletion of extracellular K+ may induce

A

Metabolic alkalosis

125
Q

An increase in extracellular H+ concentration may result in ___ extracellular K+

A

Increased

126
Q

The buffered of urinary pH are ammonia and mono hydrogen phosphate

A

True

127
Q

Inhibition of actions of ___ would impair the ability of the kidney to regulate pH of the blood.

A

Carbonic anhydrase

128
Q

In response to alkalosis

A

The kidney excretes bicarbonate

129
Q

The apical membranes of the tubular cells are impermeable to bicarbonate

A

True

130
Q

The kidneys provide short term adjustments to maintain cody pH

A

False

131
Q

Bicarbonate must be converted to ___ to move into tubule cells to reduce blood pH

A

Carbon dioxide

132
Q

The kidneys can directly reabsorb bicarbonate

A

False

133
Q

Since most filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed, where does the bicarbonate come from that is used to compensate for acidosis

A

Glutamine

134
Q

The osmotic diuretic mannitol inhibits salt and water absorption int eh proximal convoluted tubule

A

False

135
Q

Hypertension and edema are often treated with diuretics

A

True

136
Q

Neuromuscular disorders and eletrocardiographic abnormalities can result from

A

Hypokalemia
Excessive use of loop diuretics
Excessive use of thiazide diuretics

137
Q

Spironolactone

A

Inhibits the actions of aldosterone

138
Q

Loop diuretics such as Lasix

A

Inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb

139
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

Inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule and the last part of the ascending limb of Henle loop

140
Q

Renal damage often produces microalbuminuria

A

True

141
Q

Glomerulonephritis may result from destruction of the glomerular capillary basement membrane

A

True

142
Q

Renal insufficiency often results from dialysis

A

False

143
Q

___ is believed to be an autoimmune disease affecting the kidney

A

Glomerulonephritis

144
Q

Which test can be used to detect renal damage from diabetes or hypertension

A

Urinary albumin excretion rate

145
Q

Renal insufficiency

A

May occur as a result of arteriosclerosis

146
Q

CAPD utilizes the ___ as a dialysis membrane

A

Peritoneum

147
Q

Uremial may cause

A

Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Uretic coma

148
Q

Kidney stones may result in

A

Renal insufficiency
Hypertension due to water and salt retention
Uremia

149
Q

Dialysis fluid has Na+, K+ and glucose present so that those substances will not be removed from the patients blood

A

True

Physiology (3 decks)

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