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Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Inhalation

A
  • diaphragm contracts down
  • rib cage lifts up and out
  • increases volume
  • increases intrapulmonic pressure
  • increases negative pressure in intrapleural space
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2
Q

Exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes up
  • rib cage goes down and in
  • decreases volume
  • decreases intrapulmonic pressure
  • decreases negative pressure in intrapleural space
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3
Q

Does restful breathing use diaphragm or rib cage?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Vigorous breathing

A

uses rib cage

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5
Q

What does surfactin do?

A

keeps alveoli from collapsing

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6
Q

What are the three types of work related to cpmpliance and inhalation?

A
  • compliance: energy converted to air movement
  • tissue: energy used to move tissues around (wasted)
  • airway: energy used to overcome drag on respiratory tree linings
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7
Q

Tidal volume

A

regular amount of air per breath. 500mL

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8
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air inhaled after tidal volume. 3000mL

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9
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air exhaled after tidal volume. 1000mL

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10
Q

Vital capacity

A

expiratory reserve + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve. 4500mL

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11
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air still left in lungs after complete exhalation. 1000mL

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12
Q

total lung volume

A

vital capacity + residual volume. 5500mL

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13
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Ventilation studied by measuring lung volume and volume changes over time.

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14
Q

How much air does a normal person get out in 1 sec?

A

90% to 100% of vital capacity out in 1 sec

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15
Q

What are abnormal factors that decrease vital capacity?

A

kyphosis, scoliosis, respiratory paralysis, pulmonary congestion, reduced compliance.

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16
Q

What are normal factors that increase vital capacity?

A

large body size, tall, greater muscle strength, vigor

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17
Q

What is measured in clinical assessment of lungs?

A

vital capacity and time

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18
Q

forced vital capacity

A

time it takes to get vital capacity out

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19
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

amount of vital capacity exhaled in 1 sec`

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20
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

total new air into respiratory system per minute (tidal volume X respiratory volume

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21
Q

What is the respiratory volume at rest in a normal person?

A

500ml X 12bpm = 6 liters/min

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22
Q

Minute alveolar volume

A

amount of air arriving at alveoli

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23
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

ventilated air wasted filing up larger airways that do not participate in gas exchange.

24
Q

How much is anatomical dead space?

25
What is alveolar volume?
12 X (500-150) = 4.2l/min
26
how is tidal volume related to respiratory rate?
inversely
27
Diffusion
regulated by the concentration of gaseous species
28
What does atmospheric air consist of?
79% N2 21% O2 0% CO2
29
Is CO2 or O2 more soluble?
CO2 is 20 X more soluble
30
What is P02 and PCO2 in atmospheric air?
PO2 = 160mm Hg | PCO2 = 0mm Hg
31
Diffusion is a function of what 3 factors?
- concentration gradients (partial pressures) - solubility of gases in liquid (water) - nature of any barriers (lung histology)
32
What are the 4 basic components of respiratory membrane?
- type I pneumocyte - basement membrane of type 1 cell - basement membrane of endothelium - type I campillary cell (endothelium)
33
What would decrease gas exchange?
- additional fluids in alveoli, scarring of wall, thickening of wall, or destruction of wall.
34
When air is humidified in alveoli, it goes from __ to ___ mm HG?
3.7 mm HG to 47 mm Hg in alveoli
35
What is Hentry's Law?
Dissolved gas = PP X solubility
36
Diffusion of gas is eual to ____?
D = change in P (P is determined by ventilation)
37
Are partial pressures the same in lungs and atmosphere?
No, because new air is being mixed with old air.
38
What is the partial pressure in the lungs and in the atmosphere?
lungs: O2: 105 and CO2: 40 atmosphere: O2: 160 and CO2: 0
39
Why are partial pressures different in the lungs and atmosphere?
- dead space | - 10 breaths to fully exchange air (mixing old and new air)
40
What factors affect PP in lungs (and thus diffusion)?
- Mixing - humidification of incoming air - absorption of 02 into the blood - production of CO2 from the blood - ventilation, which exchanges air on a cyclical basis
41
which factor of PP in lungs is most important and why?
Ventilation because it exchanges air on a cyclical basis. - rate and depth of breath - main physiological factor
42
How does ventilation change during exercise?
Increases in order to maintain normal alveolar P (105 mmHg)
43
What is the resting and exercising consumption rate of O2?
``` resting = 250ml/min exercising = 1000ml/min ```
44
If you increase the consumption rate of O2, what will happen to ventilation?
Ventilation will decrease
45
What is the resting and exercising production rate of CO2?
``` resting = 200ml/min exercising = 800ml/min ```
46
If you decrease alveolar pp of CO2, what will happen to alveolar ventilation?
It increases
47
What is the ventilation perfusion ratio?
V/Q - balance between rate of blood flow past alveoli and the rate of ventilation.
48
What does V/Q = 0 represent?
no ventilation
49
physiological shunt
- happens when ventilation to alveolar area is cut-off - blood to affected area treated as if it bypassed lungs (deoxygenated) - it will join oxygenated blood from normal areas.
50
What happens when V/Q = infinity?
No blood flow
51
Physiological dead space
- volume of lungs that does not participate in gas exchange - created by alveolar area that is cut-off - work of breathing is wasted
52
What is normal V/Q?
.8
53
What is the V/Q in the three areas of the lungs?
upper - high middle - middle lower - low
54
If O2 is decreased (hypoxia), why is vasoconstriction happening?
to preserve overall V/Q
55
If an alveolar area is not working and O2 is not being delivered, what happens to blood flow?
It is redirected to better ventilated area and minimizes physiological shunt
56
How is 02 transported by the blood?
3% as dissolved gas | 97% as bound to hemoglobin

Organ Systems (20 decks)

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