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Organ Systems > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Inhalation

A
  • diaphragm contracts down
  • rib cage lifts up and out
  • increases volume
  • increases intrapulmonic pressure
  • increases negative pressure in intrapleural space
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2
Q

Exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes up
  • rib cage goes down and in
  • decreases volume
  • decreases intrapulmonic pressure
  • decreases negative pressure in intrapleural space
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3
Q

Does restful breathing use diaphragm or rib cage?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Vigorous breathing

A

uses rib cage

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5
Q

What does surfactin do?

A

keeps alveoli from collapsing

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6
Q

What are the three types of work related to cpmpliance and inhalation?

A
  • compliance: energy converted to air movement
  • tissue: energy used to move tissues around (wasted)
  • airway: energy used to overcome drag on respiratory tree linings
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7
Q

Tidal volume

A

regular amount of air per breath. 500mL

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8
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air inhaled after tidal volume. 3000mL

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9
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air exhaled after tidal volume. 1000mL

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10
Q

Vital capacity

A

expiratory reserve + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve. 4500mL

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11
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air still left in lungs after complete exhalation. 1000mL

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12
Q

total lung volume

A

vital capacity + residual volume. 5500mL

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13
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Ventilation studied by measuring lung volume and volume changes over time.

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14
Q

How much air does a normal person get out in 1 sec?

A

90% to 100% of vital capacity out in 1 sec

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15
Q

What are abnormal factors that decrease vital capacity?

A

kyphosis, scoliosis, respiratory paralysis, pulmonary congestion, reduced compliance.

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16
Q

What are normal factors that increase vital capacity?

A

large body size, tall, greater muscle strength, vigor

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17
Q

What is measured in clinical assessment of lungs?

A

vital capacity and time

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18
Q

forced vital capacity

A

time it takes to get vital capacity out

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19
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

amount of vital capacity exhaled in 1 sec`

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20
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

total new air into respiratory system per minute (tidal volume X respiratory volume

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21
Q

What is the respiratory volume at rest in a normal person?

A

500ml X 12bpm = 6 liters/min

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22
Q

Minute alveolar volume

A

amount of air arriving at alveoli

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23
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

ventilated air wasted filing up larger airways that do not participate in gas exchange.

24
Q

How much is anatomical dead space?

A

150ml

25
Q

What is alveolar volume?

A

12 X (500-150) = 4.2l/min

26
Q

how is tidal volume related to respiratory rate?

A

inversely

27
Q

Diffusion

A

regulated by the concentration of gaseous species

28
Q

What does atmospheric air consist of?

A

79% N2
21% O2
0% CO2

29
Q

Is CO2 or O2 more soluble?

A

CO2 is 20 X more soluble

30
Q

What is P02 and PCO2 in atmospheric air?

A

PO2 = 160mm Hg

PCO2 = 0mm Hg

31
Q

Diffusion is a function of what 3 factors?

A
  • concentration gradients (partial pressures)
  • solubility of gases in liquid (water)
  • nature of any barriers (lung histology)
32
Q

What are the 4 basic components of respiratory membrane?

A
  • type I pneumocyte
  • basement membrane of type 1 cell
  • basement membrane of endothelium
  • type I campillary cell (endothelium)
33
Q

What would decrease gas exchange?

A
  • additional fluids in alveoli, scarring of wall, thickening of wall, or destruction of wall.
34
Q

When air is humidified in alveoli, it goes from __ to ___ mm HG?

A

3.7 mm HG to 47 mm Hg in alveoli

35
Q

What is Hentry’s Law?

A

Dissolved gas = PP X solubility

36
Q

Diffusion of gas is eual to ____?

A

D = change in P (P is determined by ventilation)

37
Q

Are partial pressures the same in lungs and atmosphere?

A

No, because new air is being mixed with old air.

38
Q

What is the partial pressure in the lungs and in the atmosphere?

A

lungs: O2: 105 and CO2: 40
atmosphere: O2: 160 and CO2: 0

39
Q

Why are partial pressures different in the lungs and atmosphere?

A
  • dead space

- 10 breaths to fully exchange air (mixing old and new air)

40
Q

What factors affect PP in lungs (and thus diffusion)?

A
  • Mixing
  • humidification of incoming air
  • absorption of 02 into the blood
  • production of CO2 from the blood
  • ventilation, which exchanges air on a cyclical basis
41
Q

which factor of PP in lungs is most important and why?

A

Ventilation because it exchanges air on a cyclical basis.

  • rate and depth of breath
  • main physiological factor
42
Q

How does ventilation change during exercise?

A

Increases in order to maintain normal alveolar P (105 mmHg)

43
Q

What is the resting and exercising consumption rate of O2?

A 
resting = 250ml/min
exercising = 1000ml/min
44
Q

If you increase the consumption rate of O2, what will happen to ventilation?

A

Ventilation will decrease

45
Q

What is the resting and exercising production rate of CO2?

A 
resting = 200ml/min
exercising = 800ml/min
46
Q

If you decrease alveolar pp of CO2, what will happen to alveolar ventilation?

A

It increases

47
Q

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio?

A

V/Q - balance between rate of blood flow past alveoli and the rate of ventilation.

48
Q

What does V/Q = 0 represent?

A

no ventilation

49
Q

physiological shunt

A
  • happens when ventilation to alveolar area is cut-off
  • blood to affected area treated as if it bypassed lungs (deoxygenated)
  • it will join oxygenated blood from normal areas.
50
Q

What happens when V/Q = infinity?

A

No blood flow

51
Q

Physiological dead space

A
  • volume of lungs that does not participate in gas exchange
  • created by alveolar area that is cut-off
  • work of breathing is wasted
52
Q

What is normal V/Q?

A

.8

53
Q

What is the V/Q in the three areas of the lungs?

A

upper - high
middle - middle
lower - low

54
Q

If O2 is decreased (hypoxia), why is vasoconstriction happening?

A

to preserve overall V/Q

55
Q

If an alveolar area is not working and O2 is not being delivered, what happens to blood flow?

A

It is redirected to better ventilated area and minimizes physiological shunt

56
Q

How is 02 transported by the blood?

A

3% as dissolved gas

97% as bound to hemoglobin

Organ Systems (20 decks)

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