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KNES 260 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange
  • acid-base balance
  • thermoregulation
  • immune function
  • vocalization
  • enhances venous return
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2
Q

bronchioles

A
  • bronchi constrict or dilate
  • control air flow
  • smooth muscle
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3
Q

alveoli

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • thin walled
  • large SA for diffusion
  • contain fine elastic fibers
  • porsed of kohn connect adjacent alveoli
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4
Q

type I alveolar cells

A
  • make up the wall
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5
Q

type II alveolar cells

A
  • secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension for stretching
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6
Q

alveolar macrophages

A
  • immune function
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7
Q

respiratory pressures

A
  • atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg at sea level)
  • intra-alveolar pressure (in alveoli)
  • intrapleural pressure
  • transpulmonary pressure (difference)
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8
Q

what do the mechanical processes of pulmonary ventilation depend on

A
  • volume changes cause pressure changes
  • pressure changes cause gas to flow to equalize pressure
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9
Q

quiet inspiration

A
  • inspiratory muscle contract (diaphragm and external intercostals)
  • thoracic volume increases, so lungs stretch
  • intrapulmonary pressure decreases so air flows into lungs until pulmonary pressure equals atmospheric
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10
Q

forced inspiration

A
  • recruits scalene and sternocleidomastoid for great increase in thoracic volume
  • this makes a larger pressure gradient for more airflow in
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11
Q

quiet expiration

A
  • passive process
  • inspiratory muscles relax
  • thoracic cavity volume decreases so elastic lungs recoil
  • increase in alveolar pressure
  • air flows out of lungs
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12
Q

forced expiration

A
  • recruit abdominals and internal intercostals
  • larger decrease in thoracic volume means larger pressure gradient
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13
Q

medullary respiratory center - control of ventilation

A
  • dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - mostly inspiratory neurons
  • ventral respiratory group (VRG) - both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
  • receive input from chemoreceptors
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14
Q

Pre-botzinger complex- control of ventilation

A
  • generates respiratory rhythm
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15
Q

Apneustic center- control of ventilation

A
  • prevents inspiratory neurons from being switched off
  • provides extra boost to inspiratory drive
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16
Q

Pneumotaxic center- control of ventilation

A
  • sends impulses to DRG that helps “switch off” inspiratory neurons
  • dominates over apneustic center
17
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • carotid bodies are located in the carotid sinus
  • aortic bodies are located in the aortic arch
  • monitors blood and responds to increased H, CO2, or very low O2
18
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • in medulla (respiratory center)
  • monitors cerebrospinal fluid
  • sensitive to increases in H+ and CO2
19
Q

trigger for inspiration

A
  • high metabolism leads to increased CO2 and decrease O2
  • input goes to respiratory center to trigger inspiratory neurons
20
Q

role of oxygen

A
  • not the biggest factor
  • BUT if O2 drops below 60 mmHg like at high altitude it becomes a factor
21
Q

hyperventilation

A
  • increased depth and rate of breathing
  • acts to get rid of CO2
  • lose trigger for inspiration
22
Q

hering-breuer reflex

A
  • stretch receptors triggered to prevent over inflation of the lungs
  • signals the end of inhalation
23
Q

pulmonary irritant reflex

A
  • Receptors in the bronchioles respond to irritants and constrict air passages
  • can cause cough and sneeze
24
Q

alveolar surface tension

A
  • attracts liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface
  • resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
  • surfactant: lipid and protein complex that is produced by type II alveolar cells to decrease surface tension of alveolar fluid
25
Q

lung compliance

A
  • expandability of the lungs
  • naturally high due to the distensibility of the lung tissue
  • can be diminished by nonelestic scar tissue and reduced by production of surfactant
26
Q

elastic recoil

A
  • how lungs rebound after being stretched
  • depends on connective tissue in the lungs (elastin and collagen) and alveolar surface tension
27
Q

tidal volume

A
  • volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath (500mL average)
28
Q

residual volume

A
  • minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration (1200mL average)
29
Q

Vital capaity

A
  • maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration (4500mL)
30
Q

obstructive disease

A
  • high compliance
  • low recoil
  • this makes it difficult to breathe out but easier to breath in
  • e.g., emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis
31
Q

restrictive disease

A
  • low compliance, high recoil
  • hard to breathe in, easy to breathe out
32
Q

external respiration

A
  • exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane
  • influenced by partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling and structural characteristics of respiratory membrane
33
Q

respiratory membrane thickness and SA

A
  • 0.5-1m thick
  • large SA (40X that of skin)
34
Q

partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 in blood

A
  • pressure gradient for oxygen in the lungs is steep with 40 mmHg in venous blood and 104mmHg in alveolar blood - reaches equilibrium in 0.25 seconds or a third of the time that a RBC is in a pulmonary capillary
  • pressure gradient for CO2 is less with venous blood being 46mmHg and alveolar being 40mmHg, but CO2 is 20x more soluble than O2 so it diffuses in equal amounts
35
Q

internal respiration

A
  • capillary gas exchange in body tissues
  • partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed compared to external respiration
36
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling

A
  • ventilation: amount of gas reaching the alveoli
  • perfusion: blood flow reaching alveoli
  • these must be matched for efficiency
  • Carbon Dioxide - Bronchioles
    ↑ CO2 causes bronchiole dilation
    ↓ CO2 causes bronchoconstriction
  • Oxygen – Alveoli
    ↑ O2 causes vasodilation
    ↓ O2 causes vasoconstriction
37
Q

02 transport in blood

A
  • molecular O2 is carried in the blood
  • 1.5% dissolved in plasms
  • 98.55 loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin
    -4 o2 per hemoglobin
38
Q

CO2 transport in the blood

A
  • 7-10% dissolved in plasma
  • 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions

KNES 260 (5 decks)

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