Respiratory Physiology Flashcards by Lili Popp

For the blood drainage of the lungs, they communicate with the pulmonary veins and to the ___ veins and ___vein going back to your inferior vena cava

azygos veins and hemiazygos vein

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Blood supply for the bronchi, connective tissues, and visceral pleura comes from ____ - they are branches of the descending aorta

Bronchial Arteries

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T or F
Blood supply for the ventricles receives from the pulmonary arteries and their drainage is at the pulmonary veins

FALSE
Blood supply for the alveoli receives from the pulmonary arteries and their drainage is at the pulmonary veins

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Alveoli are nourished through ___, they get oxygen from their surroundings since ___ happens to them

Alveoli are nourished through diffusion, they get oxygen from their surroundings since gas exchange happens to them

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Why is the hydrostatic pressure at the level of the heart less than the hydrostatic pressure in the lowermost portion of the lungs?

due to the systolic and diastolic pressure present here - this is the second case

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Why does vasoconstriction occur?

Vasoconstriction occurs due to sensitivity to vasoconstriction substances and there will be a decrease vasodilator substances

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The alveoli are best oxygenated, if there is a decreased oxygen for alveoli, what will happen?

hypoxia occurs and the other normal alveolus, the blood vessels that supply the alveolus will vasoconstrict

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For the areas with ___ oxygen, they will vasoconstrict for the blood to reroute in the oxygenated alveolus

For the areas with low oxygen, they will vasoconstrict for the blood to reroute in the oxygenated alveolus

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T or F
The alveolar pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure

TRUE

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The hydrostatic pressure at the level of the ___ is less than the hydrostatic pressure in the lowermost portion of the lungs due to the systolic and diastolic pressure present here - this is the second case

heart

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What zone occurs at the level of the heart?

Zone 2

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(in zone 1),
In the uppermost portion in lungs, why are they hyperinflated?

because air is lighter than fluid so the air goes up

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In zone 2 when does this occur?
Systolic bp is greater than the alveolar air pressure
Alveolar air pressure is less than the capillary hydrostatic pressure wherein blood and oxygenation occurs

o During cardiac systole

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In zone 2. when does this occur?
 Alveolar air pressure is now greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure
 This time no blood occurs because of the compression of capillaries

o During cardiac diastole

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T or F
During heavy exercise there is an increase blood flow to the lungs

TRUE

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In the lowermost portion, hydrostatic pressure is ?

In the lowermost portion, hydrostatic pressure is high

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T or F
in zone 4, The alveolar air pressure is less than the hydrostatic pressure

FALSE
In zone 3, The alveolar air pressure is less than the hydrostatic pressure

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Function of Pleural Fluid

o Provide lubrication during inspiration and expiration
o It keeps the two membranes adherent to each other

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What is Boyle’s Law?

increase in volume, decrease in pressure

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Covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film and permits the parietal and visceral pleura to move on each other with minimum friction

Pleural Fluid

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o accumulation of water in the lungs

Hydrothorax

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o accumulation of blood in the lungs

Hemothorax

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accumulation of air in the lungs,
most common especially in rapidly growing individuals

Pneumothorax

o accumulation of lymph fluid in the lungs

Chylothorax

o Difference of the concentration of gasses in 2 different areas separated by a permeable membrane

The Concentration Gradient

o This is the pressure exerted by individual gasses

Partial Pressure of Individual Gasses

o Oxygen is ___% in the environment, and 78.1% nitrogen

o Oxygen is 20% in the environment, and 78.1% nitrogen

o your lungs cannot anymore expand, here, the lungs is punched with a hole for the lungs to expand

Atelectasis or Lung Collapse

What is the Law of Diffusion?

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

What is Dalton's Law?

each gasses in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure, which means that the atmospheric pressure is the summation of all gas pressure mixed together

o The greater the distance for diffusion, the lesser the rate of diffusion of the gas, Why?

o Because it is a great distance for the molecules, it needs more time

o Sputum in lungs can also cause?

o Sputum in lungs can also cause air trapping

What does Henrry's law state?

 states that solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas - higher pressure, higher solubility coefficient

Which is incorrect and why? The velocity of kinetic movement of gas molecules is Directly proportional to the square root of the molecular weight The greater the molecular weight, it is harder to diffuse since it needs more energy

Incorrect 1st statement bc: The velocity of kinetic movement of gas molecules is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight The greater the molecular weight, it is harder to diffuse since it needs more energy

T or F The greater the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion

TRUE

T or F The concentration from the gas molecules are inversely proportional

FALSE o The concentration from the gas molecules are directly proportional

Factors that Determine the Partial Pressure of Gas in a Dissolved Fluid

1. Concentration of Gas Molecules 2. Solubility Coefficient

T or F Those with higher solubility, has a higher rate of diffusion

TRUE

T or F The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to whatever it is the partial pressure of the gas in the blood

TRUE

T or F The lesser the cross-sectional area of the fluid, the greater the rate of diffusion

FALSE

Factors that Determine the Rate of Diffusion of Gas into the Fluid

1. Solubility of Gas to Fluid 2. Cross-Sectional Area of the Fluid 3. Distance for Diffusion 4. Molecular Weight 5. Temperature

T or F o The direction of net diffusion of the same gas but with different partial pressure between the alveoli and blood is dictated by the pressure gradient towards the lower gradient

true

The solubility of gas fluid, the greater the solubility of gas, the greater the rate of __ since it mixes fast

Diffusion

The greater the distance for diffusion, the lesser the rate of ___of the gas

Diffusion

Alveolar ventilation rate

- How much air for each breath is expelled

o Oxygen in the alveolar air is constantly ?

o Oxygen in the alveolar air is constantly absorbed

T or F Oxygen also constantly diffuses out of the pulmonary blood

FALSE o Carbon Dioxide also constantly diffuses out of the pulmonary blood

o Air that we inspire is humidified since atmospheric air is dry by default thus the upper and lower respiratory tract does what??

 The upper and lower respiratory tract moisturizes or humidifies the air

o What controls of alveolar oxygen and the partial pressure of the oxygen?

 The rate of oxygen absorption of capillarie  The rate of entry of new oxygen into the alveoli via ventilation

Importance of the slow renewal of alveolar air?

o It prevents sudden changes in gas concentrations in the blood to stabilize the respiratory control mechanisms and help prevent excessive increase and decrease in tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and changes in our blood pH o For sudden changes to not occur which can determine if you are acidic because these control mechanisms will either increase or decrease the respiratory rate unlike your cardiovascular control mechanisms

Nitrogen Narcosis’ signs and symptoms

o The diver feels hallucinations that feels like the diver is already in the surface but in reality, he’s still not

CO2 decreases as the rate of ventilation ___ because your expire more CO2

CO2 decreases as the rate of ventilation increases because your expire more CO2

T or F Once CO2 is secreted by your cells, it is transported by blood towards the lungs and is removed by ventilation

TRUE

What direction does carbon dioxide diffuse??

Carbon dioxide diffuse out since it is a waste product

T or F Alveolar is inversely proportional with increase in the rate of CO2 excretion by the capillaries

FALSE  Alveolar is directly proportional with increase in the rate of CO2 excretion by the capillaries