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BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Consumption of O2 and production of CO2 by cells

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

Movement of air into and out of lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

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3
Q

Transport of deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood to heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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4
Q

4 functions of conducting zone

A
  1. Provides low-resistance pathway for airflow
  2. Defends against microbes, toxins, and foreign matter
  3. Warms and moistens air
  4. Participates in sound production
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5
Q

Pressure relation for inspiration

A

P(alv) < P(atm)

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6
Q

Pressure relation for expiration

A

P(alv) > P(atm)

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7
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Reduces cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface

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8
Q

What are the two major determinants of lung compliance?

A
  1. Stretchability/thickness of lung tissues
  2. The surface tension of water molecules coating inner alveolar surfaces
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9
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscles causes:

A

Bronchoconstriction

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscle causes:

A

Bronchodilation

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Fight or flight response

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Calms systems to allow for rest and repair

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13
Q

Tidal Volume (V[T])

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

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14
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can be inspired over and above the resting tidal volume

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15
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Volume of air that can be expired after a normal expiration

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16
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. Can be estimated as 25% of the vital capacity.

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17
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximum volume that can be inspired after a normal expiration. IC = V[T] +IRV

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18
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Maximum volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration. VC = V[T] + IRV + ERV

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19
Q

Functional Reserve Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration. FRC = ERV + RV

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20
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Volume of the lungs when fully inflated. TLC = VC + RV = 1.25 * VC

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21
Q

Respiratory rate (f)

A

Number of breaths per minute

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22
Q

Minute ventilation (V[E])

A

Total volume of air expired per minute. V[E] = V[T] * f

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23
Q

Dead space (V[D])

A

Volume of air in each breath that is not available for gas exchange. Estimated as twice the body weight in kgs.

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24
Q

Alveolar ventilation (V[A])

A

Volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute. V[A] = (V[T] - V[D]) * f

25
Q

Forced expired volume in one second (FEV[i])

A

Measure of respiratory air flow during expiration

26
Q

Normal Partial Pressure of Air

A

O2 = 160 mmHg
CO2 = 0.3 mmHg

27
Q

Normal Alveolar Pressures

A

O2 = 105 mmHg
CO2 = 40 mmHg

28
Q

Normal Gas Pressures of Oxygenated Blood

A

O2 = 100 mmHg
CO2 = 40 mmHg

29
Q

Normal Gas Pressures of Deoxygenated Blood

A

O2 = 40 mmHg
CO2 = 46 mmHg

30
Q

Normal Gas Pressures of Cells

A

O2 < 40 mmHg
CO2 > 46 mmHg

31
Q

How many molecules of O2 can one hemoglobin carry?

A

Hemoglobin can carry one O2 molecule on each heme group, so 4

32
Q

How does DPG affect hemoglobin O2 affinity

A

Increasing DPG concentration results in decreased O2 affinity

33
Q

What is the purpose of DPG

A

Increase offloading of O2 from blood to tissues

34
Q

How does PCO2 affect hemoglobin O2 affinity

A

Increasing PCO2 decreases O2 affinity

35
Q

How does proton concentration affect hemoglobin O2 affinity

A

INcreasing proton concentration decreases O2 affinity

36
Q

How does temperature affect hemoglobin O2 affinity

A

Increasing temperature decreases O2 affinity

37
Q

Why is decreased Hb O2 affinity around metabolically active tissue helpful

A

Increases in PCO2, proton concentration, and temperature all cause Hb to offload O2 to the metabolically active tissue

38
Q

How does altered Hb structure affect O2 affinity?

A

CO alters the tertiary and quaternary structure of Hb, causing tighter binding to O2 and reduced delivery to tissues

39
Q

How is fetal Hb different from adult Hb?

A

Fetal Hb contains different subunits that have higher O2 affinity

40
Q

Why does fetal Hb have higher O2 affinity

A

Fetal arterial PO2 is lower than air-breathing newborns, so the higher O2 affinity ensures adequate oxygen delivery to tissues

41
Q

Bohr effect

A

Oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and carbon dioxide concentration

42
Q

Haldane effect

A

Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide

43
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level

44
Q

Anemic/carbon monoxide hypoxia

A

The arterial PO2 is normal but the total oxygen content of the blood is decreased because of inadequate numbers of erythrocytes, deficient or abnormal hemoglobin, or competition for the hemoglobin molecule by carbon monoxide

45
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Blood flow to the tissues is too low

46
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

The body’s cells are unable to use O2 because a toxic agent has interfered with the cell’s metabolic machinery (Ex: cyanide)

47
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia (hypoxemia)

A

Reduced arterial PO2 (can be caused by lack of oxygenated air, pulmonary problems, lack of ventilation-perfusion matching)

48
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than O2, so 10% is dissolved in the plasma
20-30% reversibly binds to the amino groups of Hb and forms carbaminohemoglobin
60-65% is converted to HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase (produces H+)

49
Q

How does PO2 affect breathing control

A

low arterial PO2 increases peripheral chemoreceptor firing, causing increased firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contraction, and ventilation

50
Q

How does PCO2 affect breathing control

A

Increased proton concentration increases firing of peripheral and central chemoreceptors, firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contractions, and ventilation

51
Q

How does metabolic proton production affect breathing control

A

Increased proton concentration increases firing of peripheral chemoreceptors, firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contractions, and ventilation

52
Q

What are the factors that stimulate breathing

A
  1. Carbon dioxide (higher arterial PCO2)
  2. Acidosis (higher proton concentration, lower pH)
  3. Hypoxia (lower arterial PO2)
  4. Stress (activation of sympathetic nervous system
  5. Exercise
53
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Mutant chloride ion channels don’t work, mucus in lungs is too thick to be moved by cilia

54
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collapse of a lung due to puncture of the intrapleural space

55
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible obstruction of airways characterized by bronchoconstriction, excess mucus production, and inflammation.

56
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Lung tissue thickens, causing a decrease in lung compliance

57
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Caused by lack of surfactant in lungs; lungs collapse and cause difficulty in breathing

58
Q

Emphysema

A

Loss of elastic tissue and destruction of alveolar walls in lungs. Proteolytic enzymes are released and lungs ‘self-destruct’

BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology (3 decks)

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