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BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Gland

A

Group of epithelial cells specialized for secretion

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

gland that secretes chemical substances into a duct for secretion out of the body or into the lumen of an organ

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3
Q

Endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream

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4
Q

How do peptide hormones and catecholamines exert an effect on the target cell

A

peptide hormones and catecholamines bind to receptors on the extracellular surface of the target cell’s membrane. These hormones directly affect the enzyme activity of the receptor, activity of cytoplasmic janus kinases associated with the receptors, or G proteins coupled to affector proteins

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5
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones exert an effect on the target cell

A

steroid and thyroid hormones are lipid-soluble and bind to intracellular receptors (often in the nucleus). They have a direct effect on activating (or sometimes inhibiting) transcription

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Derived from neural tissue

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7
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior pituitary; permits water reabsorption by the collecting ducts of the kidneys and concentrates urine

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A

secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk secretion in mammary glands

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Derived from epithelial tissue

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10
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulate other glands?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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11
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the thyroid gland

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulate the gonads?

A

Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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14
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates development of gametes (sperm and eggs)

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15
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Released by the anterior pituitary; stimulates production of sex hormones

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16
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulate nonendocrine tissues?

A

Growth hormone (GH) and Prolactin

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17
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Stimulates growth and affects metabolism. Target organs include bones, cartilage, muscles, and the liver

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18
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production in mammary glands

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19
Q

How does the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus release hypophysiotropic hormones that affect the cells of the anterior pituitary and allow for the release of certain hormones

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20
Q

Releasing hormone

A

Hormone (hypophysiotropic hormone) secreted by the hypothalamus that causes the release of certain hormones by the anterior pituitary cells

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21
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Hormones that control the secretion of other hormones

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22
Q

Which gland secretes Thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

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23
Q

What effects does thyroxine have

A

Required for growth and development of the the skeleton and brain; stimulates cell metabolism, raising BMR; increases beta-adrenergic receptor density on adipose cells, with epinephrine, large amounts of fatty acids are then released

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24
Q

Which gland(s) secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Parathyroids

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25
Q

What are the functions of PTH?

A

Promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ from bones and kidneys; increases blood Ca2+ levels

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26
Q

What stimulates PTH secretion?

A

low blood calcium levels

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27
Q

Which gland(s) secrete Epinephrine?

A

The adrenal medulla

28
Q

What stimulates epinephrine secretion?

A

Primarily sympathetic nervous system activation

29
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine secretion?

A

Increases heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure; stimulates respiratory center and bronchodilation; mobilizes energy stores and increases blood glucose

30
Q

Which gland(s) secrete cortisol?

A

The adrenal cortex

31
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid; also a steroid derived from cholesterol

32
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Increases blood glucose; essential for adaptation to stress

33
Q

Which gland(s) secrete aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

34
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Mineralcorticoid; also a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol

35
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Regulates sodium and potassium ion balance

36
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

37
Q

What are the target organs of insulin?

A

Muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver

38
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A

Promotes cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids via the insertion of GLUT4 transporters into the target cell membrane; stimulates the storage of nutrients (formation and storage of glycogen in liver and muscles, formation and storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue, and protein synthesis); decreases blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

39
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells of the pancreas

40
Q

What are the functions of glucagon?

A

Essentially the opposite of insulin; favors the breakdown and release of stored nutrients; increases blood glucose

41
Q

How is thyroid hormone secretion controlled?

A

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone that causes the anterior pituitary to release TSH, causing an increase in thyroid hormone secretion. The increased plasma thyroid hormone levels provides negative feedback to releasing hormone and TSH secretion.

42
Q

What is the importance of iodine in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Iodine is necessary to synthesize thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency can result in goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

43
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

The adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of steroid hormones

44
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

The adrenal medulla is responsible for the secretion of epinephrine

45
Q

What roles does testosterone play?

A

Testosterone is required for reproductive function: differentiation of male genitalia, growth of prostate gland and seminal vesicles, and spermatogenesis; Stimulation of male secondary sex characteristics: Rooster comb, lion mane, antlers, etc.; anabolic actions: bone growth and muscle development; libido and aggressive behavior

46
Q

What roles does estrogen play?

A

Required for reproductive function: maturation of female reproductive tract and ovarian follicles, and cyclic changes in uterus; stimulation of female secondary sex characteristics; anabolic actions: bone growth and loss after menopause; Receptive sexual behavior in rodents

47
Q

What roles does progesterone play?

A

The primary function of progesterone is to prepare and maintain the proper environment for pregnancy: Cyclic changes in uterus (thickens endometrium), development of mammary glands, inhibits ovulation

48
Q

What are the functions of gonadotropins in males?

A

FSH is required for spermatogenesis, LH stimulates testosterone secretion

49
Q

What are the functions of gonadotropins in females?

A

FSH stimulates growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle; FSH and LH are required for the production of estrogen; Midcycle LH surge triggers ovulation

50
Q

What are progestins?

A

Synthetic progesterone-like molecules used in oral contraceptives

51
Q

What are the benefits of anabolic steroid abuse?

A

Increased muscle mass and performance

52
Q

What are the side effects of anabolic steroid abuse?

A

Temporary sterility, liver damage, heart disease, aggressive behavior, premature puberty, masculinization in women

53
Q

What are the long-term complications of diabetes?

A

Atherosclerosis and heart failure, Microvascular disease that can result in blindness or kidney failure, nerve damage, increased susceptibility to infections, amputation, and decreased life expectancy

54
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?

A

early onset, body does not produce sufficient insulin, caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, requires insulin injections

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?

A

late onset, somatic cells don’t respond to insulin production, caused by down-regulation of insulin receptors, controlled via lifestyle adjustments

56
Q

What is a significant contribution from Frederick Banting and Charles Best?

A

They discovered and extracted insulin; were able to treat a severely diabetic boy with it

57
Q

What causes insulin shock?

A

Insulin overdose resulting in hypoglycemia

58
Q

What is the cause of dwarfism?

A

GH deficiency in childhood

59
Q

What is the treatment of dwarfism?

A

Hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone

60
Q

What is the cause of gigantism?

A

GH oversecretion in childhood

61
Q

What is the treatment of gigantism?

A

surgical removal of pituitary gland

62
Q

What are the symptoms of acromegaly?

A

Enlargement of the face hands, and feet

63
Q

What is the cause of acromegaly?

A

Oversecretion of GH in adulthood

64
Q

What is the treatment for acromegaly?

A

surgical removal of pituitary gland

65
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroxine deficiency, slowed physiological function: decreased BMR, Fatigue, slowed speech and mental function, inability to tolerate cold

66
Q

How is hypothyroidism treated?

A

Thyroxine replacement therapy

67
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroxine oversecretion, thyroid gland is stimulated by substances not under feedback control, increased rate of physiological function: increased BMR, excess heat production, weight loss, insomnia, anxiety, and rapid heart rate

BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology (3 decks)

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