Respiratory Pathology 4

Question 0

What are the four types of atelectasis?

Answer 0

Obstructive
Compression
Massive
Recumbencey

Question 1

What is atelectasis?

Answer 1

Incomplete expansion of the lung. Can be congenital or acquired

Question 2

What is obstructive atelectasis?

Answer 2

Complete or segmental obstruction by inflammatory exudate, foreign bodies or tumours.
Ruminants only need segmental as they have poor collateral blood supply, dogs and cats need complete

Question 3

What is compression atelectasis?

Answer 3

Cause d by pleural, intrathoracic, intrapulmonary space occupying lesions e.g hydro or haemothorax

Question 4

What is massive atelectasis?

Answer 4

Complete lung collapse by pneumothorax

Question 5

What is recumbency atelectasis?

Answer 5

Defective surfactant production

Question 6

What type of emphysema do our spp get and what are the two types?

Answer 6

Secondary which causes distension of the alveoli and rupture of the walls-air bubbles.
Interstitial is common in cattle which causes bulbous emphysema

Question 7

What are the 3 protective mechanisms against pulmonary oedema?

Answer 7

Intercellular junctions are highly permeable to seal off alveoli.
Interstitium of alveolar septa is lower pressure than the intra alveolar pressure
Interstitial pressure is more negative towards the fascia and airways

Question 8

How does pulmonary oedema begin and what does it progress to?

Answer 8

Begins as interstitial oedema and progresses to alveolar oedema, once the interstitial compartment is overwhelmed

Question 9

What are the 3 causes of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 9

Increased capillary or epithelial permeability (shock, toxins)
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 10

What type of haemorrhage is seen in horses?

Answer 10

Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 11

Why does infarction not usually follow embolism or thrombosis in the lung?

Answer 11

Supplied by both pulmonic and bronchial arteries and it has extensive collateral channels. Only occurs if the pulm circ is compromised

Question 12

What causes pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 12

Increased resistance in the pulmonary vasculature or left to right shunts.

Question 13

What is a sequelae of pulmonary hypertension ?

Answer 13

Coe pulmonale, r sided heart failure

Question 14

Examples of neoplasia in the upper airway?

Answer 14

Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma

Lymphosarcoma

Question 15

Examples of neoplasia of the lower airway?

Answer 15

Bronchial papilloma

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma

Question 16

What agent causes Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis?

Answer 16

Jaagsiekte,

Question 17

What is the gross pathology of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis?

Answer 17

Small firm white nodules to replacement by neoplasticism tissue. Metastasise to LNs

Question 18

What are three examples of Metastatic tumours?

Answer 18

Mammary carcinoma in dog and cat
Uterine adenocarcinoma cattle
Malignant melanoma in horses

Question 19

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 19

Air in the pleural cavity

Question 20

What are hydro thorax, chylothorax and haemothorax examples of?

Answer 20

Non inflammatory pleural effusions.

Chylomicron rich lymph by trauma to the thoracic lymphatic duct (chylothorax) dorsal aspect of the thoracic aorta

Question 21

What aw the five ways that inflammatory agents reach the pleura?

Answer 21

Extension pneumonia
Bloodstream
Trans diaphragmatic
Penetration of chest
Penetration of the oeasophagus or abdominal viscus

Question 22

What are the two types of acute pleuritis?

Answer 22

Purulent and fibrinous

Question 23

What is a chronic sequelae of pleuritis?

Answer 23

The visceral pleura become enveloped in a fibrinous blanket and pleural adhesions

Question 24

What is pyothorax?

Answer 24

Puerile by effusion in the pleural space.

Question 25

What is pyothorax caused by?

Answer 25

Streptococci in dogs.

P multocida in cats

Question 26

What is an example of a degenerative pleural disease?

Answer 26

Pleural mineralisation in dogs with uraemia and vit D toxicity

Question 27

What is mesothelioma?

Answer 27

Common in calves, thoracic effusion, multiple nodules.