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Vet Pathology > Cardiovascular Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is hydropericardium and what is its cause?

A

Serous transudate- congestive heart failure, neoplasms, anaemia, uraemia.

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1
Q

What are the three types of non-inflammatory fluid accumulation?

A

1) hydropericardium
2) haemopericardium
3) ideopathic pericardial haemorrhagic effusion

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2
Q

What is haemopericardium and what causes it?

A

Accumulation of whole blood in the pericardium.
Rupture of large vessels- horses
Dilated atria due to AV valve regurgitation-dogs
RTA, puncture wounds. Death from cardiac tamponade.

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3
Q

What are the presenting signs of ideopathic pericardial haemorrhagic effusion?

A

Large breeds. Slowly developing right sided heart failure followed by left side.

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4
Q

What are 4 causes of pericarditis and what do they do?

A

1) haematogenous spread- septicaemia
2) extension of infection from surrounding tissues
3) traumatic penetration of the pericardium
4) extension of myocardial inflammation
Restrict ventricular movement- acute circulatory failure.

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5
Q

What do acute vs chronic infections cause?

A

Acute- rapid death esp. in the young, if the lesion is chronic then it will be more organised e.g. fibrosis.

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6
Q

What type of bacteria causes serofibrinous fluid and purulent fluid?

A

Clostridia/pasturella

Staph/Strep

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7
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of pericarditis?

A

1) resolution- no clinical problem
2) adhesion- organisation of fibrin following serofibrinous pericarditis (bread and butter), can result in fibrosis
3) constriction- gradual tamponade and cardiac atrophy, constrictive pericarditis.
4) myocarditis- traumatic reticulitis/pericarditis- foreign body

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8
Q

What is the myocardium and its structure?

A

The muscle of the heart- cardiomyocytes form myocardial muscles arranged in complex bands and layers.

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9
Q

Where does the blood supply to t he myocardium come from?

A

The coronary arteries, arise in sinuses behind the aortic valve cusps.

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10
Q

What are the 6 types of myocardial conditions?

A

1) hypertrophy and dilation
2) metabolic disturbances
3) myocardial infarction
4) myocarditis
5) parasitic infestations
6) Cardiomyopathy

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11
Q

What causes myocardial hypertrophy?

A

physiological response- increased exercise

pathological- valvular stenosis

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12
Q

What causes dilation to occur?

A

When the disease process is too rapid to allow cardiac compensation. May indicate onset of failure in a compensating heart (dogs)

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13
Q

How is hypertrophy and dilation assessed?

A

By weighing and measuring thickness of ventricular walls, size of papillary muscles and dimensions of muscle fibres.

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14
Q

What are the 6 examples of metabolic disturbances?

A

1) hydropic degeneration
2) fatty change
3) hyaline degeneration
4) calcification
5) visceral gout
6) fatty infiltration

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15
Q

What is hydropic degeneration?

A

Cell switches to anaerobic resp= depleted glycogen= inc. inorganic phospahates and lactate. Lack of ATP= failure of Na/K pump= water moves into the cell.

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16
Q

What is hyaline degeneration and what does it present as?

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency- “White muscle disease”, cardiomyocyte necrosis, inflammation and dystrophic calcification.
Acute left sided heart failure or ataxia/collapse, grey patches on the myocardium.

17
Q

What is visceral gout?

A

Reptiles and birds- uric acid precipitates in tissues as crystals. Can affect the kidneys.
Dalamation.

18
Q

How does a myocardial infarction occur?

A

usually as a result of an embolism of the coronary vessels.
Rare to be as a result of athero/arterio sclerosis.
It is an ischaemic event and there is a reduction of contractility.

19
Q

What are the three types of myocarditis?

A

Acute (suppurative)
Acute (non suppurative)
Chronic

20
Q

What usually causes a myocarditis?

A

Generalised infection by bacteria, virus, protozoa.

21
Q

What causes an acute (suppurative) myocarditis?

A

Septic emboli released from a non-cardiac foci that lodge in the heart vasculature. Or extension from endocardium or pericardium.

22
Q

What are the causes of acute (non-suppurative) myocarditis?

A

septicaemia or viraemia e.g. leptospirosis, FMD, parvovirus.

23
Q

What happens in chronic myocarditis?

A

Cardiomyocyte loss with replacement by fibrous tissue- can get granulomas. Sequel to sub-acute myocarditis

24
Q

What are 5 examples of parasitic infestations that encyst in the myocardium?

A

1) cysticercosis
2) sarcocysts
3) toxoplasmosis
4) neosporosis
5) trypanosomiasis

25
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Myocardial disease leading to cardiac failure.

26
Q

What are the 9 types of cardiomyopathy?

A

1) ‘Mulberry Heart’
2) Malignant hyperthermia
3) Feline hyperthyroidism
4) ideopathic cardiomyopathy
5) dilated cardiomyopathy
6) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
7) restrictive cardiomyopathy
8) Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
9) eosinophilic myostitis

27
Q

What causes the Vit E/ Se deficiency that causes Mulberry heart Disease?

A

Lack of dietary vitE/Se, high levels of polyunsaturated fats (destroy vitE), genetic derangements of vitE/Se metabolism.

28
Q

What additional presenting signs are seen in Mulberry Heart Disease, how do they arise and how is the animal found?

A

myocardial haemorrhages due to arteriolar fibrinoid necrosis=acute cardiac failure. Dead, pulmonary oedema, sero-fibrinous pericardial fluid and myocardial haemorrhages in the thorax. Fibrinous fluid and hepatic congestion in the abdomen.

29
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia and what does it cause?

A

Cardiomyopathy in pigs-genetic disease due to a point mutation in Skm ryanodine receptor. Triggered by stress and halothane anaesthesia= necrosis of cardiac and Skm= thin, soft and pale: PSE. (pale soft, exudative)

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline hyperthyroidism?

A

Uni/bilateral enlargement of the thyroids.
Hyperactive, thin, big appetite, tachycardic, hypertensive.
They have left ventricular hypertrophy due to increased demand.

31
Q

What does dilated cardiomyopathy look like?

A

Enlarged heart with bi-ventricular dilation, they are pale and flabby.

32
Q

What breeds are most effected by DCM and what is it linked to?

A

Giant breeds of cats and dogs, horses as well.
Associated with taurine deficiency in cats and monensin deficiency in horses.
Use of adriamycin and doxorubicin in dogs.

33
Q

What does the histology of a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy look like and what species does it tend to affect?

A

Myocardial fibres are hypertrophied and arranged haphazardly, accompanied by interstitial fibrosis and arteriosclerosis.
Common in cats esp. maine coons and ragdolls

34
Q

What does the heart look like with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Cardiomegaly from LV concentric hypertrophy, thickening of the interventricular septum and reduced LV chamber size

35
Q

How is the left atrium involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

thrombi tend to form here and when it breaks off it will lead to aorto-iliac thromboembolism= sudden-onset hindlimb paresis.

36
Q

What happens in restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Myocardial fibrosis or endomyocardial fibrosis of the LV endocardium. = loss of compliance and inability to fill during dystole= LA dilation and LV normal.

37
Q

What do cats develop with restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

cardiac dysrhythmias with pulmonary oedema and left aortic thromboembolism.
R sided congestive heart failure with RA dilation.

38
Q

What happens in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

BOXERS- RV myocardium is replaced by fat and fibrous tissue.

Present with syncope, heart failure or sudden death.

39
Q

What is eosinophilic myostitis and what is its probable cause?

A

Green-grey colour of the muscle resulting from myodegeneration and eosinophilic inflammation- sheep and cattle.
Parasitic infestations

40
Q

What is the hypertrophy an dilation of cardiomyocytes in DCM and HCM due to?

A

Cardiomyocyte derangement not functional changes!

Vet Pathology (15 decks)

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