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Cardiopulm Final > Respiratory PATHology > Flashcards

Respiratory PATHology Flashcards

1
Q

normal CO2 level

A

25-35

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2
Q

normal bicarbonate level

A

22-26

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3
Q

respiratory acidosis:
____ventilation
____ CO2 in blood
pH =
bicarbonate levels ____ (if compensating)

A

hypoventilation
excess CO2
pH < 7.35
increase

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4
Q

HR ____ in respiratory acidosis

A

increases
to compensate for decreased O2

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5
Q

respiratory alkalosis:
____ventilation
pH =
CO2 levels _____

A

hyperventilation
pH >7.45
decrease

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6
Q

infections (sepsis), hypoxia, fever, and high room temperature can lead to

A

respiratory alkalosis

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7
Q

if compensating, bicarbonate levels will ___ with respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease (to decrease the pH)

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8
Q

which type of acid-base balance disorder would need a rebreather mask?

A

respiratory alkalosis

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9
Q

signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

light-headed
paresthesia in fingers and toes
rapid, deep breathing
twitching
anxiety
fear

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10
Q

signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis

A

diaphoresis
headache
tachycardia
confusion
restlessness
apprehension

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11
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

loss of HCl acid (vomit, diarrhea)
renal disease - excreting acid
decreased plasma K+
excessive alkali ingestion

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12
Q

why is there decreased K+ with metabolic alkalosis?

A

loss of HCl causes K+ to follow

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13
Q

which medication class can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

diuretics (loss of K+)

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14
Q

what is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis?

A

CO2 retension

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15
Q

metabolic alkalosis:
____ bicarbonate
pH =
_____, _____ breathing

A

increased
pH > 7.45
slow, shallow

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16
Q

metabolic acidosis:
____ bicarbonate
pH =
_____, _____ breathing

A

decreased
pH <7.35
rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul)

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17
Q

signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

A

slow, shallow breathing
confusion
hypertonic muscles
twitching
restlessness, irritability
apathy
tetany
coma (if severe)
seizure

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18
Q

uncontrolled diabetes can lead to _____. why?

A

metabolic acidosis
ketone bodies cause acidity

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19
Q

Kussmaul’s breathing is involved with

A

metabolic acidosis
(rapid, deep breathing)

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20
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

GI issues - bicarbonate loss
liver disease - acid production
endocrine disorders (hypoxia)
hyperkalemia

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21
Q

signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

A

rapid, deep breathing
fatigue
fruity breath
headache
drowsiness
lethargy
nausea
vomiting
coma (if severe)

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22
Q

what are the 5 main steps in evaluating ABG results?

A
  1. examine pH
  2. examine CO2
  3. examine HCO3 (bicarbonate)
  4. determine if compensating
  5. check signs and symptoms
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23
Q

what is a normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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24
Q

if CO2 is too high, the pt is probably ___ventilating

A

hypoventilating

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25
Q

if CO2 is too low, the pt is probably ___ventilating

A

hyperventilating

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26
Q

if bicarbonate (HCO3) is too high, what acid-base disorder is present?

A

metabolic alkalosis

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27
Q

if bicarbonate (HCO3) is too low, what acid-base disorder is present?

A

metabolic acidosis

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28
Q

abnormal levels of CO2 indicate a ____ issue, while abnormal levels of bicarbonate indicate a ____ issue (respiratory/metabolic)

A

CO2 - respiratory
HCO3 - metabolic

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29
Q

which diseases comprise COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

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30
Q

increased lung size (obstructive diseases) decreases _____, ______, and _____

A

vital capacity, expiratory reserve, and functional capacity

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31
Q

is inhalation or exhalation an issue with obstructive diseases? what does it lead to?

A

exhalation
trapped air in lungs –> obstruction

32
Q

what is the FEV1 in obstructive diseases?

A

decreased - <70%

33
Q

emphysema:
compliance?
cross-sectional area?

A

HYPERcompliant
decreased cross-sectional area
(grapes to balloons)

34
Q

hallmarks of chronic bronchitis

A

inflamed airway (bronchoconstriction) with mucus production

35
Q

how does SpO2 change with exercise in emphysema pts?

A

beginning - normal
later - drop d/t accessory muscles fatigue

36
Q

T/F: SpO2 is normal at rest for emphysema pts?

A

T (increased RR to compensate)

37
Q

at rest, how do emphysema pts breathe?

A

shallow, rapid breathing

38
Q

what are the 2 main types of emphysema?

A

panacinar
centrilobular

39
Q

panacinar emphysema affects the ____ and is a ___ condition

A

alveoli
genetic

40
Q

centrilobular emphysema affects the ____ and is due to ____

A

bronchioles
smoking

41
Q

why does pursed lip breathing help with emphysema pts?

A

helps maintain positive pressure (think increased PEEP)

42
Q

end stage emphysema can cause ___ side heart failure

A

right

43
Q

which disease can cause cor pulmonale?

A

chronic bronchitis

44
Q

what electrolyte is retained with end stage emphysema?

A

Na+

45
Q

why are emphysema (end stage) more susceptible to clots?

A

increased RBC production to compensate for decreased O2

46
Q

how may ribs should be seen on a normal chest x-ray?

A

5-7

47
Q

what is the #1 cause for hypoxemia?

A

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

48
Q

what diseases are obstructive?

A

COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
asthma
bronchiectasis

49
Q

hallmarks of chronic bronchitis

A

excessive mucus
productive cough
less ciliary activity
blue (cyanosis)

50
Q

what type of sputum is common with chronic bronchitis?

A

purulent

51
Q

in chronic bronchitis, CO2 is ___ and O2 is _____

A

CO2 - high
O2 - low

52
Q

T/F: compliance is usually normal with chronic bronchitis

A

T

53
Q

pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic bronchitis can lead to

A

R ventricular failure:
cor pulmonale
jugular vein distention
fluid retention –> edema

54
Q

what lung sound is heard with asthma?

A

wheezing (on the exhale)
(air through diff diameters)

55
Q

adult onset of asthma is usually caused by

A

chronic bronchospasms
increased SNS
decreased PSNS

56
Q

how does asthma become a chronic condition?

A

bronchial wall becomes thicker d/t inflammation –> higher edema and fluid build up –> obstruction

57
Q

extrinsic triggers of asthma

A

allergic response

58
Q

intrinsic triggers of asthma

A

IgE antibody issue
(not associated with allergens)

59
Q

what is the main issue with restrictive lung diseases?

A

low compliance

60
Q

what are the 3 types of bronchiectasis?

A

cylindrical
varicose
saccular (cystic)

61
Q

what causes bronchiectasis?

A

chronic, recurrent infections
weakens walls –> retain secretions –> difficult to cough

62
Q

what structure can be effected in restrictive lung diseases?

A

lung tissue, chest wall, or surfactant

63
Q

which values are decreased with restrictive lung diseases?

A

vital capacity
ventilation (–> hypoxemia)

64
Q

what breathing techniques should be taught to restrive lung disease pts?

A

breathing deeper

65
Q

types of restrictive lung diseases

A

pneumothorax
atelectasis
pneumonia
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

66
Q

what causes a pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural space (b/w parietal and visceral pleura) causes a more positive pressure

67
Q

what is the most common restrictive disorder?

A

atelectasis

68
Q

central mechanisms of atelectasis

A

ventilator
SNS issue
pain

69
Q

extramural mechanisms of atelectasis

A

scoliosis
immobilization

70
Q

mural mechanisms of atelectasis

A

asthma

71
Q

2 types of pneumonia

A

lobar
bronchiole (aspiration, meconium)

72
Q

lobar pneumonia is due to

A

consolidation

73
Q

bronchiole pneumonia is due to

A

large amounts of sputum produced

74
Q

which type of pneumonia is more diffuse?

A

bronchiole

75
Q

what is normally the cause of ARDS?

A

infections (sepsis)

76
Q

as the lung tissues tries to heal with ARDS, _____ is impaired

A

surfactant

Cardiopulm Final (6 decks)

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