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Cardiopulm Final > Respiratory Meds and VTE > Flashcards

Respiratory Meds and VTE Flashcards

1
Q

_____ SNS and/or _____ PSNS is beneficial to maintain normal bronchial lumen air size

A

increase SNS
decrease PSNS

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2
Q

where are beta 2 receptors?

A

in lungs and skeletal muscle

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3
Q

beta 2 receptors are ______ for the SNS and ____ for the PSNS (adrenergic or cholinergic)

A

SNS - adrenergic
PSNS - cholinergic

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4
Q

the SNS ____ (dilates/constricts) at the beta 2 receptos

A

dilates

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5
Q

what are the 3 main causes of abnormal bronchial tone?

A

inflammation
excessive PSNS
reduced SNS

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6
Q

2 main categories of bronchodilators

A

sympathomimetic agents
decongestants

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7
Q

what are the parasympatholytic agents

A

muscarinic antagonists
methylxanthines
corticosteroids

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8
Q

the Vagus nerve carries out its efferent output via wat neurotransmitter?

A

ACH

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9
Q

what is the most common parasympatholytic agent?

A

atropine

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10
Q

bronchodilators are indicated for what respiratory diseases?

A

acute asthma and anaphylaxis

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11
Q

what is the first line of drugs used?

A

sympathomimetic agents

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12
Q

T/F: sympathomimetics are used for upper respiratory disorders.

A

F; lower

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13
Q

sympathomimetics stimulate ___ receptors

A

beta 2

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14
Q

which drug class is a short acting beta2 agonist (SABA)?

A

sympathomimetics

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15
Q

a rescue inhaler is considered a ____ class

A

SABA

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16
Q

side effects of bronchodilators

A

increase HR
increased BP
palpitations
angina
tremors

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17
Q

what is a non-selective (affects all adrenergic receptors) bronchodilator?

A

epinephrine

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18
Q

if a person has a _____% increase in FEV1 after taking a bronchodilator, asthma is diagnosed

A

12-15%

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19
Q

what meds are SABAa?

A

Albuterol
Salbutamol

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20
Q

what meds are LABAs?

A

formoterol
salmeterol

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21
Q

SABAs work for ____ hours

A

4-6

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22
Q

LABAs work for _____ hours

A

10-12

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23
Q

what meds can be given to COPD pt with bronchospasms?

A

selective beta 2 adrenergic agonists (SABA & LABA)

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24
Q

what is the largest concern with using decongestants?

A

blood pressure

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25
Q

decongestants stimulate ___ receptors to …

A

alpha-adrenergic
shrink mucosal membranes

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26
Q

side effects of decongestants

A

dizziness
hypertension
nausea
nervousness
insomnia
headaches
CV irregularities

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27
Q

where are alpha receptors?

A

gut

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28
Q

decongestants cause vaso____ in the abdominal vessels

A

constriction

29
Q

indications for muscarinic antagonists

A
  • bronchodilation
  • reduces secretions in mouth and airways
  • reverse paralysis of respiratory system due to poisoning
  • used for bradycardia
30
Q

are muscarinic antagonists used for asthma?

A

no

31
Q

suffix for muscarinic antagonists

A

-pium

32
Q

side effects of muscarinic antagonists

A

dry mouth and/or skin
headaches
tachycardia
blurred vision
rash
decreased GI activity
dizziness
confusion

33
Q

methylxanthines promote increased ____

A

cAMP

34
Q

suffix for methylxanthines

A

-lline

35
Q

methylxanthines are ______ inhibitors

A

phosphodiesterase

36
Q

indications of methylxanthines

A
  • promote prostaglandin inhibition (decrease inflammation)
  • enhance catecholamine production
  • stimulate CNS and skeletal mm
37
Q

how does methylxanthines increase exercise tolerance?

A

increased contractility of skeletal mm and reduce fatigue of diaphragm

38
Q

cAMP is a precursor for

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

39
Q

phosphodiesterase inhibitors are a ______ class of cardiac meds

A

positive inotrope

40
Q

side effects of methylxanthines

A

chest pain
dizziness
fainting
fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat
increased urine
lightheadedness
persistent vomiting
pounding or rapid pulse
seizures
tremors

41
Q

which meds are immunosuppressants?

A

corticosteroids

42
Q

indications for corticosteroids

A
  • limit inflammation
  • decrease mucus secretions
43
Q

side effects of corticosteroids

A

all immune cells decreased
retain water (Cushing’s)
myopathy
osteoporosis
decrease tissue healing
hyperglycemia
hypokalemia !!
thrombus formation !!
growth retardation

44
Q

Gold 1 COPD classification

A

FEV1 = 80%+

45
Q

Gold 2 COPD classification

A

FEV1 = 50-79%

46
Q

Gold 3 COPD classification

A

FEV1 = 30-49%

47
Q

Gold 4 COPD classification

A

FEV1 <30%

48
Q

which test measures dyspnea?

A

Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC)

49
Q

which test measures COPD symptoms?

A

COPD Assessment Test (CAT)

50
Q

side effect of respiratory stimulants

A

respiratory drive to breath decreased due to less stimulation by CO2

51
Q

respiratory depressants indications

A

hyperventilation cause by:
sepsis
large infection
brain injury

52
Q

what class is morphine?

A

respiratory depressant

53
Q

dopram indications

A

respiratory stimulant:
stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid arteries and cortical-spinal neurons

54
Q

Is it worse to have a VTE distal or proximal? why?

A

proximal (popliteal up)
larger vessels = larger VTE
higher risk of morbidity

55
Q

what is used to assess risk of VTE?

A

Padua Prediction Score

56
Q

use ______ criteria to decide if treat pt with VTE

A

Wells

57
Q

what Wells criteria score indicates a high risk of VTE?

A

greater than 3
(8 is highest)

58
Q

what test assess UE VTE risk?

A

Constans

59
Q

what Constans score indicates a high risk of UE DVT?

A

2-3

60
Q

what interventions should PT do to decrease risk of DVT?

A
  1. encourage mobility and PA
  2. use mechanical compression
  3. consult MD about meds
  4. educate on VTE preventions
61
Q

T/F: the Homan’s sign is an effective and validated way of testing for DVT

A

FALSE

62
Q

normal D-dimer level

A

<500 ng/mL

63
Q

what lab values dictate if it is safe to get pt up after coagulation?

A

prothrombin time (PT)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

64
Q

what is used to monitor the effectiveness of Warfarin (anticoagulant) for blood thinning?

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

65
Q

there is an increased risk of clots with a _____ International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A

lower

66
Q

there is an increased risk of bleeding with a _____ International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A

higher

67
Q

what is a normal International Normalized Ratio (INR)?

A

2-3

68
Q

a pt who has had a embolectomy will be under ___ precautions

A

sternal

Cardiopulm Final (6 decks)

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