Respiratory Pathology

Question 1

what is bronchitis usually caused by

Answer 1

viruses eg RSV

Question 2

what is pneumonia

Answer 2

alveolar inflammation, infection of distal airways and alveoli with formation of inflammatory exudate

Question 3

is pneumonia usually viral or bacterial

Answer 3

bacterial

Question 4

what are the 2 types of pneumonia

Answer 4

bronchopneumonia - bronchi
lobar pneumonia - whole or partial lobe

Question 5

who does bronchopneumonia primarily infect

Answer 5

elderly, cancer patients, infants

Question 6

who does lobar pneumonia primarily infect

Answer 6

healthy adults btwn 20-50

Question 7

pathogens that cause bronchopneumonia

Answer 7

staph, strep, influenzae, SARS COV2

Question 8

pathogen that causes lobar pneumonia

Answer 8

strep pneumoniae

Question 9

type of inflammation in TB

Answer 9

granulomatous and caseation

Question 10

what is miliary TB

Answer 10

drainage of caseous node into pulmonary vein resulting in systemic spread to kidneys, liver, spleen

Question 11

what are the obstructive airway diseases

Answer 11

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma

Question 12

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

Answer 12

combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, associated with heavy cigarette smoking

Question 13

causes of chronic bronchitis

Answer 13

irritation by inhaled substances - tobacco, grain, cotton, silica dust
bacterial and viral infections

Question 14

how is emphysema characterised

Answer 14

abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole accompanied by the destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis

Question 15

when do clinical manifestations of emphysema appear

Answer 15

when 1/3 of the functioning pulmonary parenchyma is damaged
dyspnea, cough, purulent cough

Question 16

what is asthma

Answer 16

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough
bronchoconstriction and hypertrophy of smooth muscle

Question 17

what is extrinsic asthma

Answer 17

type I IgE hypersensitivity
begins in childhood - family history
environmental allergens

Question 18

what is intrinsic asthma

Answer 18

non immune mechanism, adults, no family history
respiratory tract infections - viruses

Question 19

most common type of lung tumour

Answer 19

carcinomas -90%
squamous cell carcinoma

Question 20

who are most effected by adenocarcinomas

Answer 20

women and non smokers

Question 21

what is the most aggressive of lung tumours

Answer 21

small cell carcinoma - metastasize widely and virtually incurable by surgical means

Question 22

h