respiratory pathology Flashcards
path
1
Q
Conductive organs/passages respiration
A
Nostrils, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea and bronchi.
2
Q
Transitional passages
A
bronchioles
between cialiated cells and alveoli cells
3
Q
which cells are responsible for gas exchange
A
in alveoli
Pneumocyte I –>membranous (gas exchange)
pneumocyte II –>granular (sulfactant n produce type 1)
4
Q
cells responsible for detoxification in resp
A
goblet cells in bronchioles replaced by Clara cells – performs detoxification of foreign substances similar to hepatocytes
5
Q
infectious agents resistance to macrophages
A
listeria
rhodococcus
mycoplasma
6
Q
Pulmonary INTRAVASCULAR macrophages are found in which spp
A
horses
cats
ruminants
pigs
7
Q
Hepatic macrophages and Splenic macrophages are found in which spp
A
dogs
rodents
humans
8
Q
- .etiology of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(red nose
- severity of dz
A
bovine herpes virus
, the respiratory form is more common in feedlot cattle. The viral infection alone is not life threatening, but predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia specially with M. hemolytica, which may be fatal
9
Q
infectious bovine rhinotrachitis in adult cows
A
virus causes genital infection in male and female breeding cattle( mastitis, abortion, necrosis of ovaries, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis).
10
Q
. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(red nose): in calves
A
* In young calves, a generalized disease with respiratory distress, diarrhea and in-coordination (non suppurative encephalitis) and death
11
Q
* A young calves present with a generalized disease with respiratory distress, diarrhea and in-coordination (non suppurative encephalitis) and death
A
infectious bovine rhinotraichitis
12
Q
causes genital infection in male and female breeding cattle( mastitis, abortion, necrosis of ovaries, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis).
A
infectious bovine rhinotreichatis
13
Q
cs of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
A
- Pyrexia, anorexia and coughing.
- Nasal discharge, initial serous to mucopurulent.
- Lacrimation and conjuntivitis with corneal opacity.
- Inflammed nares, hence the name- ‘red nose’.
- Dyspnea, if laryngitis develops.
14
Q
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis lesions
A
- Hyperemia and pustules in the nasal mucosa.
- Lesions develop to ulcers and fibrinonecrotic membranes, extending to pharynx, larynx and trachea.
- Petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages on the mucous membranes of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
- Serous to serofibrinous exudate, may be blood tinged, in pharynx and trachea.
- Pharyngeal lymph nodes are swollen and hemorrhagic
15
Q
discuss the
- dz
- lesions presented
A
infectious bovine rhinotrachitis
Petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages and ulcers in larynx and trachea
16
Q
Rhinosporidium seeberi
A
it is a fungus that causes rhinitis granuloma in dogs,cattle n horses n cats
17
Q
cause of Nasal Granuloma (granulomatous rhinitis) in dogs
A
Aspergillus and penicillium
18
Q
polypoid nodules, which are soft, pink and bleed easily
A
Nasal Granuloma (granulomatous rhinitis)
Large growths may obstruct the nasal passage, resulting in severe respiratory distress
19
Q
Specific diseases of the nasal cavity of sheep
A
- nasal granuloma
- myasis
- . Endemic ethemoidal carcinoma
20
Q
A condition when larvae of flies invade the living tissue.
A
myasis in sheep
21
Q
catarrhal to suppurative rhinitis in sheep
A
myasis in sheep
22
Q
Specific diseases of nasal cavity in equine
A
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
23
Q
what causes Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
A
herpes virus 4 sometimes 1
24
Q
what are the cs of Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
A
Fever, congestion and serous inflammation of nasal mucosa, conjuntivitis, cough and sometimes edematous swelling of pharyngeal lymph nodes
25
lesions of . Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Lesions- Ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium with intra nuclear inclusions in epithelial cells
26
etiology for equine influenza
Type A orthomyxovirus
27
signs- Fever for\<3days, dry nonproductive cough, serous nasal discharge later becoming mucopurulent. Depression, anorexia and weakness are prominent
equine influenza
28
Serous and muco purulent rhinitis, conjunctivitis and palpebral edema
. Equine viral arteritis
\* Virus causes fibrinoid degeneration of muscular arteries, cause of hemorrhage in various tissues
29
which dz causes Respiratory distress, fever, diarrhea, colic, abortion in 50-80% of mares and edema of limbs and ventral abdomen.
equine viral arteritis
30
fever, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, Lymphadenopathy and painful swallowing of lymph glands
strangles
causesd by streptococcus equi
31
Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitits
(mandibular and parapharyngeal
strangles
32
Sequel and lesions of strangles include-
extension of infection to paranasal sinuses and guttural pouch,\* internal organs,\*laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis and Horner’s syndrome, and\*purpura hemorrhagica (type III hypersensitibity
33
Allergic rhinitis in dogs
CS
type I hypersensitivity, pollen or allergens: profuse serous nasal discharge and lacrimation
34
Feline virus rhinotracheitis (FVR):
Etiology-
herpes virus 1
35
Severe rhinitis, conjuntivitis with oculonasal discharges
feline viral rhinotraichetis
Bacterial contamination produces suppurative rhinits and conjuntivitis.
Intranuclear inclusions present in early phase of the disease in the epithelium of upper respiratory passage
TQ--\>other lesions in addition to rhinitis
FVR also causes ulcerative keratitis, hepatic necrosis, abortion and stillbirths
36
what are the 2 main respiratory dz of cats
feline virus rhionotraichetis
feline calicivirus
37
In addition to conjuntivitis and rhinitis, it causes ulcers of the tongue and hard palate
feline calicivirus
38
Chlamydophilla felis cs
: It causes mild conjuntivitis and serous to mucopurulent rhinitis
39
feline respiratory dz complex causative agents
FCV,FVR, Chlamydia, mycoplasma and FIP
TQ
40
. Inclusion body rhinitis:
Etiology
Porcine cytomegalovirus (herpes virus
41
inclusion body rhinitis cs + SPP
\* Affects pigs up to 10 wk of age, with high morbidity and low mortality.
\* Transient signs of sneezing, conjuntivitis and lacrimation, which becomes mucopurulent with bacterial infection
42
lesions of inclusion body rhinitis
\* Lesions are necrotizing and non suppurative
43
combined infection of B. bronchiseptica and toxigenic strain of P. multocida
atrophic rhinitis
Slow progressing disease over months resulting in dyspnea and death.
44
Slow progressing disease over months resulting in dyspnea and death.
atrophic rhinitis
Retarded growth of snout, becoming short and concave; bending on the side most severely affected. Atrophy of conchae, in severe cases even missing conchae
There is obstruction of nasolacrimal duct, resulting into the crusting of the skin below the medial canthus of the eye
45
main differential for nasal neoplasia
nasal granuloma
46
squamous cell carcinoma predominate in
cats n horses
47
permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi as a result of chronic bronchial obstruction and infection
**Bronchiectasis**
It is mainly due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of airway walls. Dilation and accumulation of lung secretions perpetuate lung damage, which predisposes for infection and compromise lung functions.
48
what is the cause of Necrotic laryngitis (calf diphtheria
: Fusobacterium necrophorum:
49
: Fusobacterium necrophorum: causes which dz
necrotic laryngitis in calves
50
: Fever, anorexia, moist painful cough and dyspnea
necrotising laryngitis
51
dry, yellow gray necrotic areas on larynx. Deep ulcers may also develop
necrotising laryngitis
52
causes of laryngeal paralysis
_\* mycosis of guttural pouch_
\* retropharyngeal abscess
\* Neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands
\* Injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck.
\* Empyema of guttural pouch
53
damage to the cranial nerves and the arteries within the mucosa of guttural pouch causes
mycosis of gutteal pouch
54
lesions of mycosis of gutteal pouch
haemorrhages
dysphagia
horneas syndrome
dorsal isplacement of soft palate
55
sequela for mycosis of gutteal pouch
1. Erosion of internal and occasionally external carotid artery resulting in epistaxis and repeated bouts may result in fatal bleeding,
2. Formation of thrombi & emboli and brain abscess, and
3. Laryngeal nerve paralysis.
4. Dysphagia and Horner’s syndrome
56
guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic non painful swelling in the parotid region
gutteal pouch tympany
Breathing may be stertorous (snoring) in severely affected animal. Tympany is usually unilateral, but bilateral cases have been reported
Tympany may result from inflammation or malformation of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachean tube
57
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses
A clinical syndrome comparable to allergic bronchitis in humans. It is believed to caused by inhalation of fungal spores and dust.
_Lesions are of chronic bronchitis_
58
lesions of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses
_lesions of chronic bronchitis_
In severe cases accumulation of mucus leads to incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli, causing alveolar emphysema
59
necrosis and suppuration in trachiobronchi
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel couch)
caused by many bacterias n virus
It is a highly contagious infection with onset of coughing, between bouts of coughing most animals appear normal, some may show rhinitis, conjuntivitis and pharyngitis
60
lesions of feline asthma
Lesions are of chronic bronchitis and in severe cases leads to obstruction of small bronchioles.
Responds well to steroid therapy
61
Meaning empty alveoli which do not contain air
etelectasis
## Footnote
Congenital -a) obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspirate, amniotic fluid and b) hyaline membrane disease (foals and piglets).
II) acquired-a) compressive- (pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, neoplasm)
b) obstructive (exudate, parasites, neoplasms, foreign material).
62
a condition where air is in the tissues
emphesema
63
alveolar emphysema-
excessive air in the alveoli, causing abnormal and permanent enlargement of alveoli with destruction of alveolar walls.
Emphysematous areas are **_raised, pale or white, dry and can be easily compressed with finger_**. It usually alternates areas of atelectasis
It develops under the pressure of inhaled air.
II. _Incompletely closed bronchioles ie. if it was completely closed then it would hav been etelectasis and note that its the opposite of etelectasis where there is no air in the alveoli due to obstruction_
64
When air collects in the connective tissue of lungs-interalveolar septa, interlobular septa, below the pleura, around the bronchi and blood vessels
Interstitial emphysema
Mostly seen in cattle, because of developed interlobular septa and lack of collateral ventilation in adjacent lobules. Septa becomes thick, shiny, filled with bubbles
65
cuases of intestitial emphesema
**_Causes- Forced respiratory efforts, seen in following conditions_**:
I. When death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia
II. During quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animal.
III. Death after protracted illness
66
causes of Pulmonary edema
Factors increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure
1. Increased left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral cardiac failure (cardiogenic edema)
2. In excessive fluid transfusion
3. Pulmonary venous occlusion
67
**_pulmonary edema_**
. Factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier
1. Inhalation of corosive gases-SO2, Cyanides, smoke
2. Infectious agents (mycoplasma, viruses)
3. Systemic toxins
4. Anaphylaxis in certain species as horse and cow
68
Lungs are wet, heavy and do not collapse when thorax is opened
pulmonary edema
. Interlobular septa is edematous and distended. Foam mixed fluid present in trachea and bronchi. Clear, colorless or slightly yellow or turbid blood mixed fluid Which oozes out from cut surface of the lung. Color of edema fluid varies depending on the type of edema
69
A syndrome occurring in domestic animals- because of diffuse alveolar damage
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
70
causes of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Systemic diseases
Direct injury to lungs
Lesions in other organ systems, like sepsis, multiple trauma, extensive burns and pancreatitis.
71
Pathogenesis of ARDS
* Triggering of macrophages to releaseLarge amount of cytokines
* Cytokines prime neutrophils stationed in the lung capillaries to release enzymes and free radicals
* Which causes diffuse endothelial/epithelial damage
* Permeability edema
* Results in accumulation of inflammatory cells, formation of hyaline membrane and fibrosis
72
Diffuse damage to alveolar wall epithelium and /or endothelium
Congestion and edema
Hyaline membrane formation
Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia
Interstitial emphysema **re all lesions o**f
ARDS
73
ARDS lesions
* Diffuse damage to alveolar wall epithelium and /or endothelium
* Congestion and edema
* Hyaline membrane formation
* Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia
* Interstitial emphysema
**_dypsnea_**
74
Increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
Pulmonary hypertension
\* Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles: mostly hypoxic (high altitude- brisket disease), chronic bronchitis or bronchiolitis (equine heaves).
\*Vascular obstruction: thromboemboli including Dirofilaria immitis, arteriosclerosis, pulmonary vasculitis.
\*Vascular volume overload
75
Inflammation of lungs:
pneumonia,
pnemonitis
76
causes of bronchopneumonia
1. bacteria n mycoplasma
2. aspiration of feed n gastric content
77
distribution of lesions in bronchopnemonia
cranioventral
78
Bronchopneumonia can be
* Suppurative or lobular
* Fibrinous or lobar.
79
Bronchopneumonia is irregular consolidation of cranioventral region of lung. There are several exceptions to this location of lesions
1. Viral infection by Bovine respiratory syncytial virus typically induce a cranioventral pattern of brochointerstitial pneumonia, mistaken easily for bronchopneumonia.
2. Lesions of bronchopneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Actinobacillus suis affects usually middle and caudal lobes.
3. In dogs and cats, in addition to lesions in cranioventral region, a patchy distribution throughout the lung is not uncommon.
80
Cranio-ventral involvement, suppurative or mucopurulent exudate, lobular in pattern, **_mosaic appearance with red and gray color_**
bronchopneumonia
81
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Predominant exudate is more fibrinous than neutrophilic. Starts as lobular but involves the part or complete lobe, hence the name. It is as a result of more severe injury, because of strong pathogens. Infection is mainly through respiratory route but in some cases may be hematoge
82
Marble pattern in lungs
fibrinopneumonia
83
complicatins of pleuropneumonia
* It rarely resolves unlike suppurative broncho- Pneumonia.
* Death is more frequent due to pleuritis and pericarditis. Fibrinous adhesions of pleura and pericardium is common sequel.
* 3. Necrosis with formation of pulmonary sequestra is common.
84
Aspiration Pneumonia predisposing factors
Any cause of dysphagia or regurgitation including pharyngeal paralysis and megaesophagus
85
Widespread distribution of aspiration pnemonia is seen with
liquid gruel or inhaled milk. Gross appearance is not characteristic. Histologically acute bronchiolitis and alveolitis is seen
86
when do u get localised lesions with aspiration pneumonia
A localized lesion is with plant material, including whole grain and in pigs in dry season mostly with dusty dry particulate food. Lesions are descrete foreign body granulomas, lobar pneumonia or gangrene
87
intestitial pneumonitis results from the following two
a)**_Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium_** (gases,fumes, dust, infection with pneumotropic viruses: canine distemper, porcine influenza)
## Footnote
b) **_hematogenous injury to alveolar capillaries_**;
\* intermittent bacterimia like E. coli, leptospira, salmonella in calves and pigs, lung worms, toxoplasma and migrating parasites.
\* DIC, infection with endotheliotropic viruses like swine fever virus
88
ingested toxins – moldy sweet potatoes in cattle, kerosene in dogs, variety of plants (genera Senecio, Crotelaria, Trichdesma) in ruminants. **_causes _**
interstitial pneumonitits
89
Acute interstitial pneumonia- pneumonia
begin with injury to type 1 pneumocytes or alveolar capillary endothelium results to -**Exudation into alveolar lumen: exudative phase.**
Inflammatory edema and neutrophils accumulate in the alveolar interstitium causing thickening of the alveolar walls.
This acute phage is generally followed by the proliferative phase of acute interstitial pneumonia characterized by hyperplasia of pneumocytes II
90
which pneumonia results in lungs become more rubbery on palpation and do not collapse on opening the thorax
intestitial pneumonitis
91
Accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the interstitium and occasionally in the alveoli and bronchi.
Alveolar fibrosis
Persistence of hyperplastic type II pneumocytes.
Formation of microscopic granulomas
Hyperplasia of smooth muscles in airways or pulmonary vasculature are all lesions of.....
chronic interstitial pneumonia
92
lesions of chronic interstital pneumonitis
Accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the interstitium and occasionally in the alveoli and bronchi.
Alveolar fibrosis
Persistence of hyperplastic type II pneumocytes.
Formation of microscopic granulomas
Hyperplasia of smooth muscles in airways or pulmonary vasculature
93
Distribution of lesions in interstitial pneumonia
Lesions are more widely distributed and generally involve whole lung. In some cases lesions are more pronounced in dorso- caudal region
94
Important features of interstitial pneumonia:
Failure of lungs to collapse on opening of thoracic cavity.
Occasional presence of rib impressions on the lungs
Lack of visible exudate in the lung and have meaty appearance
Lungs are heavy and texture is elastic or rubbery.
Color varies from diffusely red to pale gray
95
Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia
The term bronchointerstitial pneumonia describes cases in which pulmonary lesions share features of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.
It is frequently seen in many viral infections in which virus causes injury to bronchial and alveolar cells.
It is seen in uncomplicated cases of respiratory _syncytial virus infection in bovine and lambs, Canine distemper and influenza in pigs and horses_
96
2 causes of abscesses in the lung
1. Bronchopneumonia: abscesses are large, isolated, confined to anterioventral part of the lung and are seen extending from the bronchial tree.
2. Metastatic from septic emboli arrested in pulmonary vessels: abscesses are small, multiple and widely distributed in whole lung, seen spreading from blood vessels. A careful search should be made to locate the source of emboli
97
Bovine Respiratory Disease
A clinical term which includes:
\* Enzootic pneumonia of calves
\* Bacterial pneumonia (mannheimia haemolyica, Histophilus somnus and Patstuerella multocida)
\* Respiratory viral infections
98
. Enzootic pneumonia of calves (calf pneumonia causes
Caused by variety of etiological agents; start with viral infections later bacterial contaminants like Pasteurella, H. somnus, Actinomyces pyogenus and mycoplasma produce suppurative bronchopneumonia. Lesions depend on the stage of the disease. Common in 1-4 month-old dairy calves; clinical signs include fever, anorexia and dyspnea.
Morbidity is high with low mortality rate
99
Septa becomes thick, shiny, filled with bubbles IN CATTLE
INTERSTITIAL EMPHESEMA
