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respiratory pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Conductive organs/passages respiration

A

Nostrils, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea and bronchi.

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2
Q

Transitional passages

A

bronchioles

between cialiated cells and alveoli cells

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3
Q

which cells are responsible for gas exchange

A

in alveoli

Pneumocyte I –>membranous (gas exchange)

pneumocyte II –>granular (sulfactant n produce type 1)

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4
Q

cells responsible for detoxification in resp

A

goblet cells in bronchioles replaced by Clara cells – performs detoxification of foreign substances similar to hepatocytes

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5
Q

infectious agents resistance to macrophages

A

listeria

rhodococcus

mycoplasma

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6
Q

Pulmonary INTRAVASCULAR macrophages are found in which spp

A

horses

cats

ruminants

pigs

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7
Q

Hepatic macrophages and Splenic macrophages are found in which spp

A

dogs

rodents

humans

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8
Q
  1. .etiology of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(red nose
  2. severity of dz
A

bovine herpes virus

, the respiratory form is more common in feedlot cattle. The viral infection alone is not life threatening, but predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia specially with M. hemolytica, which may be fatal

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9
Q

infectious bovine rhinotrachitis in adult cows

A

virus causes genital infection in male and female breeding cattle( mastitis, abortion, necrosis of ovaries, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis).

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10
Q

. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(red nose): in calves

A

* In young calves, a generalized disease with respiratory distress, diarrhea and in-coordination (non suppurative encephalitis) and death

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11
Q

* A young calves present with a generalized disease with respiratory distress, diarrhea and in-coordination (non suppurative encephalitis) and death

A

infectious bovine rhinotraichitis

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12
Q

causes genital infection in male and female breeding cattle( mastitis, abortion, necrosis of ovaries, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis).

A

infectious bovine rhinotreichatis

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13
Q

cs of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A
  1. Pyrexia, anorexia and coughing.
  2. Nasal discharge, initial serous to mucopurulent.
  3. Lacrimation and conjuntivitis with corneal opacity.
  4. Inflammed nares, hence the name- ‘red nose’.
  5. Dyspnea, if laryngitis develops.
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14
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis lesions

A
  1. Hyperemia and pustules in the nasal mucosa.
  2. Lesions develop to ulcers and fibrinonecrotic membranes, extending to pharynx, larynx and trachea.
  3. Petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages on the mucous membranes of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
  4. Serous to serofibrinous exudate, may be blood tinged, in pharynx and trachea.
  5. Pharyngeal lymph nodes are swollen and hemorrhagic
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15
Q

discuss the

  1. dz
  2. lesions presented
A

infectious bovine rhinotrachitis

Petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages and ulcers in larynx and trachea

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16
Q

Rhinosporidium seeberi

A

it is a fungus that causes rhinitis granuloma in dogs,cattle n horses n cats

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17
Q

cause of Nasal Granuloma (granulomatous rhinitis) in dogs

A

Aspergillus and penicillium

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18
Q

polypoid nodules, which are soft, pink and bleed easily

A

Nasal Granuloma (granulomatous rhinitis)

Large growths may obstruct the nasal passage, resulting in severe respiratory distress

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19
Q

Specific diseases of the nasal cavity of sheep

A
  1. nasal granuloma
  2. myasis
  3. . Endemic ethemoidal carcinoma
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20
Q

A condition when larvae of flies invade the living tissue.

A

myasis in sheep

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21
Q

catarrhal to suppurative rhinitis in sheep

A

myasis in sheep

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22
Q

Specific diseases of nasal cavity in equine

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

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23
Q

what causes Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

herpes virus 4 sometimes 1

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24
Q

what are the cs of Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

Fever, congestion and serous inflammation of nasal mucosa, conjuntivitis, cough and sometimes edematous swelling of pharyngeal lymph nodes

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25
Q

lesions of . Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

Lesions- Ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium with intra nuclear inclusions in epithelial cells

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26
Q

etiology for equine influenza

A

Type A orthomyxovirus

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27
Q

signs- Fever for<3days, dry nonproductive cough, serous nasal discharge later becoming mucopurulent. Depression, anorexia and weakness are prominent

A

equine influenza

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28
Q

Serous and muco purulent rhinitis, conjunctivitis and palpebral edema

A

. Equine viral arteritis

* Virus causes fibrinoid degeneration of muscular arteries, cause of hemorrhage in various tissues

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29
Q

which dz causes Respiratory distress, fever, diarrhea, colic, abortion in 50-80% of mares and edema of limbs and ventral abdomen.

A

equine viral arteritis

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30
Q

fever, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, Lymphadenopathy and painful swallowing of lymph glands

A

strangles

causesd by streptococcus equi

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31
Q

Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitits
(mandibular and parapharyngeal

A

strangles

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32
Q

Sequel and lesions of strangles include-

A

extension of infection to paranasal sinuses and guttural pouch,* internal organs,*laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis and Horner’s syndrome, and*purpura hemorrhagica (type III hypersensitibity

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33
Q

Allergic rhinitis in dogs

CS

A

type I hypersensitivity, pollen or allergens: profuse serous nasal discharge and lacrimation

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34
Q

Feline virus rhinotracheitis (FVR):
Etiology-

A

herpes virus 1

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35
Q

Severe rhinitis, conjuntivitis with oculonasal discharges

A

feline viral rhinotraichetis

Bacterial contamination produces suppurative rhinits and conjuntivitis.

Intranuclear inclusions present in early phase of the disease in the epithelium of upper respiratory passage

TQ–>other lesions in addition to rhinitis

FVR also causes ulcerative keratitis, hepatic necrosis, abortion and stillbirths

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36
Q

what are the 2 main respiratory dz of cats

A

feline virus rhionotraichetis

feline calicivirus

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37
Q

In addition to conjuntivitis and rhinitis, it causes ulcers of the tongue and hard palate

A

feline calicivirus

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38
Q

Chlamydophilla felis cs

A

: It causes mild conjuntivitis and serous to mucopurulent rhinitis

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39
Q

feline respiratory dz complex causative agents

A

FCV,FVR, Chlamydia, mycoplasma and FIP

TQ

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40
Q

. Inclusion body rhinitis:
Etiology

A

Porcine cytomegalovirus (herpes virus

41
Q

inclusion body rhinitis cs + SPP

A

* Affects pigs up to 10 wk of age, with high morbidity and low mortality.

* Transient signs of sneezing, conjuntivitis and lacrimation, which becomes mucopurulent with bacterial infection

42
Q

lesions of inclusion body rhinitis

A

* Lesions are necrotizing and non suppurative

43
Q

combined infection of B. bronchiseptica and toxigenic strain of P. multocida

A

atrophic rhinitis

Slow progressing disease over months resulting in dyspnea and death.

44
Q

Slow progressing disease over months resulting in dyspnea and death.

A

atrophic rhinitis

Retarded growth of snout, becoming short and concave; bending on the side most severely affected. Atrophy of conchae, in severe cases even missing conchae

There is obstruction of nasolacrimal duct, resulting into the crusting of the skin below the medial canthus of the eye

45
Q

main differential for nasal neoplasia

A

nasal granuloma

46
Q

squamous cell carcinoma predominate in

A

cats n horses

47
Q

permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi as a result of chronic bronchial obstruction and infection

A

Bronchiectasis

It is mainly due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of airway walls. Dilation and accumulation of lung secretions perpetuate lung damage, which predisposes for infection and compromise lung functions.

48
Q

what is the cause of Necrotic laryngitis (calf diphtheria

A

: Fusobacterium necrophorum:

49
Q

: Fusobacterium necrophorum: causes which dz

A

necrotic laryngitis in calves

50
Q

: Fever, anorexia, moist painful cough and dyspnea

A

necrotising laryngitis

51
Q

dry, yellow gray necrotic areas on larynx. Deep ulcers may also develop

A

necrotising laryngitis

52
Q

causes of laryngeal paralysis

A

* mycosis of guttural pouch

* retropharyngeal abscess

* Neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands

* Injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck.

* Empyema of guttural pouch

53
Q

damage to the cranial nerves and the arteries within the mucosa of guttural pouch causes

A

mycosis of gutteal pouch

54
Q

lesions of mycosis of gutteal pouch

A

haemorrhages

dysphagia

horneas syndrome

dorsal isplacement of soft palate

55
Q

sequela for mycosis of gutteal pouch

A
  1. Erosion of internal and occasionally external carotid artery resulting in epistaxis and repeated bouts may result in fatal bleeding,
  2. Formation of thrombi & emboli and brain abscess, and
  3. Laryngeal nerve paralysis.
  4. Dysphagia and Horner’s syndrome
56
Q

guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic non painful swelling in the parotid region

A

gutteal pouch tympany

Breathing may be stertorous (snoring) in severely affected animal. Tympany is usually unilateral, but bilateral cases have been reported

Tympany may result from inflammation or malformation of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachean tube

57
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses

A

A clinical syndrome comparable to allergic bronchitis in humans. It is believed to caused by inhalation of fungal spores and dust.

Lesions are of chronic bronchitis

58
Q

lesions of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses

A

lesions of chronic bronchitis

In severe cases accumulation of mucus leads to incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli, causing alveolar emphysema

59
Q

necrosis and suppuration in trachiobronchi

A

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel couch)

caused by many bacterias n virus

It is a highly contagious infection with onset of coughing, between bouts of coughing most animals appear normal, some may show rhinitis, conjuntivitis and pharyngitis

60
Q

lesions of feline asthma

A

Lesions are of chronic bronchitis and in severe cases leads to obstruction of small bronchioles.

Responds well to steroid therapy

61
Q

Meaning empty alveoli which do not contain air

A

etelectasis

Congenital -a) obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspirate, amniotic fluid and b) hyaline membrane disease (foals and piglets).

II) acquired-a) compressive- (pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, neoplasm)
b) obstructive (exudate, parasites, neoplasms, foreign material).

62
Q

a condition where air is in the tissues

A

emphesema

63
Q

alveolar emphysema-

A

excessive air in the alveoli, causing abnormal and permanent enlargement of alveoli with destruction of alveolar walls.

Emphysematous areas are raised, pale or white, dry and can be easily compressed with finger. It usually alternates areas of atelectasis

It develops under the pressure of inhaled air.
II. Incompletely closed bronchioles ie. if it was completely closed then it would hav been etelectasis and note that its the opposite of etelectasis where there is no air in the alveoli due to obstruction

64
Q

When air collects in the connective tissue of lungs-interalveolar septa, interlobular septa, below the pleura, around the bronchi and blood vessels

A

Interstitial emphysema

Mostly seen in cattle, because of developed interlobular septa and lack of collateral ventilation in adjacent lobules. Septa becomes thick, shiny, filled with bubbles

65
Q

cuases of intestitial emphesema

A

Causes- Forced respiratory efforts, seen in following conditions:

I. When death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia

II. During quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animal.

III. Death after protracted illness

66
Q

causes of Pulmonary edema

A

Factors increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure

  1. Increased left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral cardiac failure (cardiogenic edema)
  2. In excessive fluid transfusion
  3. Pulmonary venous occlusion
67
Q

pulmonary edema

. Factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier

A
  1. Inhalation of corosive gases-SO2, Cyanides, smoke
  2. Infectious agents (mycoplasma, viruses)
  3. Systemic toxins
  4. Anaphylaxis in certain species as horse and cow
68
Q

Lungs are wet, heavy and do not collapse when thorax is opened

A

pulmonary edema

. Interlobular septa is edematous and distended. Foam mixed fluid present in trachea and bronchi. Clear, colorless or slightly yellow or turbid blood mixed fluid Which oozes out from cut surface of the lung. Color of edema fluid varies depending on the type of edema

69
Q

A syndrome occurring in domestic animals- because of diffuse alveolar damage

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

70
Q

causes of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Systemic diseases
Direct injury to lungs
Lesions in other organ systems, like sepsis, multiple trauma, extensive burns and pancreatitis.

71
Q

Pathogenesis of ARDS

A
  • Triggering of macrophages to releaseLarge amount of cytokines
  • Cytokines prime neutrophils stationed in the lung capillaries to release enzymes and free radicals
  • Which causes diffuse endothelial/epithelial damage
  • Permeability edema
  • Results in accumulation of inflammatory cells, formation of hyaline membrane and fibrosis
72
Q

Diffuse damage to alveolar wall epithelium and /or endothelium
Congestion and edema
Hyaline membrane formation
Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia
Interstitial emphysema re all lesions of

A

ARDS

73
Q

ARDS lesions

A
  • Diffuse damage to alveolar wall epithelium and /or endothelium
  • Congestion and edema
  • Hyaline membrane formation
  • Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia
  • Interstitial emphysema

dypsnea

74
Q

Increase in pulmonary vascular resistance

A

Pulmonary hypertension

* Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles: mostly hypoxic (high altitude- brisket disease), chronic bronchitis or bronchiolitis (equine heaves).

*Vascular obstruction: thromboemboli including Dirofilaria immitis, arteriosclerosis, pulmonary vasculitis.
*Vascular volume overload

75
Q

Inflammation of lungs:

A

pneumonia,

pnemonitis

76
Q

causes of bronchopneumonia

A
  1. bacteria n mycoplasma
  2. aspiration of feed n gastric content
77
Q

distribution of lesions in bronchopnemonia

A

cranioventral

78
Q

Bronchopneumonia can be

A
  • Suppurative or lobular
  • Fibrinous or lobar.
79
Q

Bronchopneumonia is irregular consolidation of cranioventral region of lung. There are several exceptions to this location of lesions

A
  1. Viral infection by Bovine respiratory syncytial virus typically induce a cranioventral pattern of brochointerstitial pneumonia, mistaken easily for bronchopneumonia.
  2. Lesions of bronchopneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Actinobacillus suis affects usually middle and caudal lobes.
  3. In dogs and cats, in addition to lesions in cranioventral region, a patchy distribution throughout the lung is not uncommon.
80
Q

Cranio-ventral involvement, suppurative or mucopurulent exudate, lobular in pattern, mosaic appearance with red and gray color

A

bronchopneumonia

81
Q

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

A

Predominant exudate is more fibrinous than neutrophilic. Starts as lobular but involves the part or complete lobe, hence the name. It is as a result of more severe injury, because of strong pathogens. Infection is mainly through respiratory route but in some cases may be hematoge

82
Q

Marble pattern in lungs

A

fibrinopneumonia

83
Q

complicatins of pleuropneumonia

A
  • It rarely resolves unlike suppurative broncho- Pneumonia.
  • Death is more frequent due to pleuritis and pericarditis. Fibrinous adhesions of pleura and pericardium is common sequel.
    1. Necrosis with formation of pulmonary sequestra is common.
84
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia predisposing factors

A

Any cause of dysphagia or regurgitation including pharyngeal paralysis and megaesophagus

85
Q

Widespread distribution of aspiration pnemonia is seen with

A

liquid gruel or inhaled milk. Gross appearance is not characteristic. Histologically acute bronchiolitis and alveolitis is seen

86
Q

when do u get localised lesions with aspiration pneumonia

A

A localized lesion is with plant material, including whole grain and in pigs in dry season mostly with dusty dry particulate food. Lesions are descrete foreign body granulomas, lobar pneumonia or gangrene

87
Q

intestitial pneumonitis results from the following two

A

a)Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium (gases,fumes, dust, infection with pneumotropic viruses: canine distemper, porcine influenza)

b) hematogenous injury to alveolar capillaries;
* intermittent bacterimia like E. coli, leptospira, salmonella in calves and pigs, lung worms, toxoplasma and migrating parasites.
* DIC, infection with endotheliotropic viruses like swine fever virus

88
Q

ingested toxins – moldy sweet potatoes in cattle, kerosene in dogs, variety of plants (genera Senecio, Crotelaria, Trichdesma) in ruminants. _causes _

A

interstitial pneumonitits

89
Q

Acute interstitial pneumonia- pneumonia

A

begin with injury to type 1 pneumocytes or alveolar capillary endothelium results to -Exudation into alveolar lumen: exudative phase.

Inflammatory edema and neutrophils accumulate in the alveolar interstitium causing thickening of the alveolar walls.
This acute phage is generally followed by the proliferative phase of acute interstitial pneumonia characterized by hyperplasia of pneumocytes II

90
Q

which pneumonia results in lungs become more rubbery on palpation and do not collapse on opening the thorax

A

intestitial pneumonitis

91
Q

Accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the interstitium and occasionally in the alveoli and bronchi.

Alveolar fibrosis

Persistence of hyperplastic type II pneumocytes.
Formation of microscopic granulomas
Hyperplasia of smooth muscles in airways or pulmonary vasculature are all lesions of…..

A

chronic interstitial pneumonia

92
Q

lesions of chronic interstital pneumonitis

A

Accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the interstitium and occasionally in the alveoli and bronchi.
Alveolar fibrosis
Persistence of hyperplastic type II pneumocytes.
Formation of microscopic granulomas
Hyperplasia of smooth muscles in airways or pulmonary vasculature

93
Q

Distribution of lesions in interstitial pneumonia

A

Lesions are more widely distributed and generally involve whole lung. In some cases lesions are more pronounced in dorso- caudal region

94
Q

Important features of interstitial pneumonia:

A

Failure of lungs to collapse on opening of thoracic cavity.
Occasional presence of rib impressions on the lungs
Lack of visible exudate in the lung and have meaty appearance
Lungs are heavy and texture is elastic or rubbery.
Color varies from diffusely red to pale gray

95
Q

Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia

A

The term bronchointerstitial pneumonia describes cases in which pulmonary lesions share features of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.
It is frequently seen in many viral infections in which virus causes injury to bronchial and alveolar cells.
It is seen in uncomplicated cases of respiratory syncytial virus infection in bovine and lambs, Canine distemper and influenza in pigs and horses

96
Q

2 causes of abscesses in the lung

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia: abscesses are large, isolated, confined to anterioventral part of the lung and are seen extending from the bronchial tree.
  2. Metastatic from septic emboli arrested in pulmonary vessels: abscesses are small, multiple and widely distributed in whole lung, seen spreading from blood vessels. A careful search should be made to locate the source of emboli
97
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease

A

A clinical term which includes:
* Enzootic pneumonia of calves
* Bacterial pneumonia (mannheimia haemolyica, Histophilus somnus and Patstuerella multocida)
* Respiratory viral infections

98
Q

. Enzootic pneumonia of calves (calf pneumonia causes

A

Caused by variety of etiological agents; start with viral infections later bacterial contaminants like Pasteurella, H. somnus, Actinomyces pyogenus and mycoplasma produce suppurative bronchopneumonia. Lesions depend on the stage of the disease. Common in 1-4 month-old dairy calves; clinical signs include fever, anorexia and dyspnea.
Morbidity is high with low mortality rate

99
Q

Septa becomes thick, shiny, filled with bubbles IN CATTLE

A

INTERSTITIAL EMPHESEMA

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