1
Q
what are the lesions of Equine CID
A
- thymus is small and obscured by mediastinal fat.
- Tonsils, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches cannot be identified at necropsy
2
Q
microscopic lesions of equine CID
A
- thymic tissue consists of small dysplastic lobules with a variable number of Hassall’s corpuscles
3
Q
name of the thymic tumer of lymphoid origin
A
thymic lymphoma
4
Q
name the thymic neoplasia of epithelial origin
A
thymoma
5
Q
which thymic tumer is associated with myasthenia gravis (which may be accompanied by megaesophagus) and immune mediated polymyositis in dogs
A
thymoma
6
Q
what are the lesions of Thymic hemorrhage and hematomas
A
- hemorrhage or hematomas confined to the thymus or extend into the mediastinum
- with anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning, hemorrhages may also be at other sites (pericardial sac, mesentery, liver, peritoneum)
7
Q
causes of spleen rupture
A
- HBC
- rupture of hemangio(sarco)ma, lymphosarcoma
- splenomegaly predisposes (“pathologic rupture”) especially at sites of hematomas and infarct
8
Q
sequela of spleen rupture
A
- death from exsanguination.
- healing by scarring, may have numerous fragments of spleen throughout the abdominal cavity and mesentery (splenosis or “splattered spleen syndrome”)
9
Q
lesions of torsion in pigs and dogs
A
- may get strangulation of one pole in the pig
- may develop with gastric torsion in the dog
10
Q
granular, whitish to yellow, firm, dry, encrustations on the capsule (especially along the margins) in the spleen are lesions for….
A
siderofibrosis/sidero-calcific plaques of capsule (Gamna-Gandy bodies) in aged dogs
11
Q
what are the lesions of amylodoisis
A
- sago spleen
- prominent white pulp (not always detected grossly);
- histologically, homogeneous deposits around and within lymphoid follicles, positive amyloid stains
12
Q
what are the lesions of hemosiderosis
A
- brown to brownish-black (if severe)
- golden brown granules in macrophages (positive by Fe stain)
13
Q
what are the causes of hemosiderosis
A
- Breakdown of erythrocytes (physiologic)
- Reduced rate of erythropoiesis (less demand for iron), e.g., anemia of chronic disease
- hemolytic anemia (excessive erythrocytic destruction and increased stores of iron)
- chronic heart failure
- iron dextran injection in pigs
- hemorrhage (trauma)
- hematomas, infarcts
14
Q
what are the lesions of acute passive congestion of spleen
A
swollen with blood, reddish-black to purple
15
Q
what causes acute passive congestion
A
- barbiturates
- shock
16
Q
what are the lesions of Chronic passive congestion of spleen
A
atrophic, fibrotic, moderate congestion
17
Q
what are the causes of chronic passive congestion
A
- right heart failure
- portal hypertension
18
Q
blackberry jam spleen
A
Acute splenitis
19
Q
what are the lesions of acute splenitis
A
swollen with blood, soft
20
Q
causes of acute splenitis
A
- anthrax.
- septicemia (e.g., erysipelas)
21
Q
spleen which is swollen, red, firm with reticular cell hyperplasia
A
Hyperplastic splenitis
22
Q
causes of Hyperplastic splenitis
A
subacute septicemia (e.g., salmonellosis)
23
Q
multiple pale nodules or diffusely swollen and firm are all lesions of
A
Granulomatous splenitis
24
Q
causes of
A
- TB.
- systemic mycoses
25
lesions of nodular hyperplasia
* **white to red, single or multiple raised** nodules usually 2 cm or less in diameter;
* histologically,variable proportions of white and red pulp
* Sometimes with hemorrhage (-/+ hematoma)
26
lesions of Extramedullary hematopoiesis
megakaryocytes, myeloid and erythroid precursors
27
meaty spleen
Uniform splenomegaly with a firm consistency
28
what are the lesions of funiform splenomegally with a bloody consistency (bloody spleen)
* funiform splenomegally with a bloody consistency (bloody spleen)
* Markedly enlarged, blue-black from cyanosis; often folded back on itself
29
what are the lesions of splenomegally due to barbiturates
* causes uniform spleenomegally with congestion ang bloody consistency (bloody spleen)
* extremely enlarged; cut surface: bulges and oozes blood; capsule can be thin, fragile, and easily ruptured
30
what are the causes of uniform splenomegaly with a bloody consistency ("bloody" spleen)
* barbiturates
* torsion
* acute hyperemia due to bacteremia, septicemia,inflammation antrax
* acute hemolytic anemia
31
lesions of acute hyperemia
septicemia,bacteriremia,inflamation→Moderately enlarged and red from hyperemia/congestion; cut surface oozes blood
## Footnote
Anthrax
Uniformly enlarged, dark red to bluish-black; abundant unclotted blood due to extensive liquefactive necrosis
they are all lesions of bloody spleen
32
what causes acute hemolytic anemia
* babeosis
* equine infectious anemia
33
what are the lesions of acute hemolytic anemia in bloody spleen
Enlarged and congested; cut surface oozes blood; congestion is reduced with chronicity
34
in meaty spleen,what is the sequela of bacteremia and low grade septicemia
Hyperplasia of macrophages and accumulations of neutrophils
35
examples of chronic infectious diseases in meaty spleen
* Histoplasmosis,
* leishmaniasis
* there is Macrophage hyperplasia in the red pulp to phagocytose organisms, bacteria, or parasitized erythrocytes
36
chronic granulomatous disease causes which type of spleenomegally
meaty spleenomegally
37
lymphoid hyperplasia causes which type of spleenomegally
meaty spleenomegally
38
what are the lesions of prolonged hemolytic anemia and which type of spleenomeglly does it cause
* meaty spleen
* Spleen is firm and red but not as congested (as in acute hemolysis) since fewer rbc are pgagocytosed
* the red pulp doesnt ooze blood
* hyperplasia of T and B cells also contribute to spleenomegally
39
equine infectious anemia causes which type of spenomegally and discuss the etiopathogenesis
* meaty spleen
* EIA has cyclical periods of viremia, immune-mediated damage to RBCs and platelets,
* and phagocytosis to remove altered RBCs and platelets resulting in proliferation of red pulp macrophages, hyperplasia of hematopoietic cells (EMH) to replace those lost, and hyperplasia of the T- and B-lymphocyte areas
40
primary tumers causes which type of splenomegally
meaty spleen
41
what are the lesions of amyloid on the spleen
* meaty spleen
* Uniform splenomegaly: firm, rubbery to waxy, and beige to orange spleen
42
causes of small lnn
* lack of ag stimulation
* starvation/cachexia/malnutrition
* hypoplasia
* aging
* viral infections
*
43
what are the lesions of acute lymphadenitis
* LNs enlarged, soft or firm
* cut surface: reddened (from local hyperemia and from blood draining from an inflammatory site), +/- bulge, and wet (with blood, lymph, or pus)
* suppuration is associated with pyogenic bacteria,
44
lesions of chronic lymphadenitis
* it includes encapsulated abscesses;
* granulomatous inflammation (diffuse or focal)
45
primary neoplasia of lnn
lymphosarcoma
46
LN is enlarged, light and puffy; cut surface may be spongy are lesions of....
emphysema
47
what are the lesions of lymphadenopathy
1. gross - large, pale, solid nodes
1. microscopic - prominent follicles, lack of cellular invasion of subcapsular sinus and capsule, preservation of lymph node architecture.
48
discuss lesions of lymphoma
* gross - generalized lymph node enlargement, pale, solid, may have focal hemorrhage and necrosis
* microscopic - loss of architecture of node, sheets of neoplastic lymphocytes, mitotic figures, capsular invasion.
*
* In general, lymphomas composed of small lymphocytes are slowly proliferating and poorly responsive to cytostatic chemotherapy; large cell lymphomas are highly proliferative and responsive to cytostatic chemotherapy
49
discuss lymphoma in cattle
Enzootic bovine leukosis
* Cause: bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a retrovirus; adult cattle (4- to 8-year-old)
Preferential location: heart, abomasum, uterus, lymph nodes, spinal canal, retro-orbital space
* Sporadic forms - not associated with BL V; young animals
```
Calf/ juvenile type (multicentric) in calves up to 6 months of age
Thymic type (1- to 2-year-old cattle)
Cutaneous type (skin nodules) in 2- to 3-year-old cattle
```
50
which type of lymphoma is most common in dogs
multicentric→intestine,lnn,liver,spleen,
51
causes of bone marrow hyperplasia
* response to hypoxiemia
* or lymphoid hypoplasia due to ag stimulation
* secondary to other things like reactive thrombocytosis
* idiopathic
52
red, soft marrow tissue where yellow marrow is expected. are lesions of..
bone marrow hyperplasia
53
absence of bone marrow hematopoietic tissue of a particular lineage, or if affecting all lineages
bone marrow aplasia
54
aplasia or severe hypoplasia of all hematopoietic lineages in the bone marrow
aplastic anemia
55
pathogenesis of bone marrow aplasia
* destruction of hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells
* disruption of normal stem cell function due to mutation perturbation of the hematopoietic microenvironment
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