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Y3 Respiratory Pathology > Respiratory pathology 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of airway defence mechanisms?

A
  • filters particles from inhaled air
  • prevents particles contacting and damaging epithelial surfaces
  • removes particles, inert matter and infectious agents
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2
Q

Which 6 factors/processes are involved in airway defence?

A
  • Aerodynamic filtration
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Antibacterial agents
  • IgA
  • Protective reflexes
  • Leucocytes
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3
Q

Describe aerodynamic filtration

A
  • Coiled turbinates leads to turbulence causing particles >10um to impact onto airway mucosa
  • Bronchi filter out particles of more than 3um
  • Particles ~1-5 um are deposited in the bronchioles + alveoli
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4
Q

Describe the components of the mucociliary escalator

A
  • Upper airways are lined by mucous and cilia
  • Layer of mucus, produced by goblet cells, then a thinner layer of aqueous solution which surrounds the cillia, allowing them to beat
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5
Q

What are the functions of mucous?

A
  • Traps and transports particles from the airway to the pharynx
  • Prevents dehydration
  • Dilutes soluble gases
  • Contains antibacterials
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6
Q

Which factors affect the mucociliary carpet function?

A
  • Changes in the viscosity of the mucus: temperature, dehydration, inflammation
  • Injury to the epithelium: trauma, infection. chronic irritation
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7
Q

Name the two antibacterial agents involved in airway defence

A

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

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8
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Bacteriolytic protein that hydrolyses peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Iron binding protein synthesised by neutrophils and epithelial cells which stops bacterial and fungal growth

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10
Q

Name the main immunoglobulin found in airways, what is its function?

A

IgA

Precipitates antigens causing them to be phagocytosed by leucocytes

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of protective reflexes

A

Cough

Sneeze

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12
Q

Describe the role of macrophages in airway defence

A
  • Alveolar, Interstitial, Intravascular
  • Phagocytose particles + agents.
  • Recruit neutrophils
  • Coordinate inflm
  • Ascend mucociliary escalator
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13
Q

Clinical case: 12 week old kitten with a upper respiratory tract viral infection
What effect might the viral infection have on the respiratory defence mechanisms?

A

Viral damage can cause damage to the mucociliary escalator

Leads to a secondary bacterial infection

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14
Q

A secondary bacterial infection can be seen grossly by?

A

Pus

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15
Q

Viral infection of respiratory epithelial cells leads to …?

A

Impaired function
Cell death
Inflammation

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16
Q

Give 3 developmental abnormalities of the upper airways

A
  • Cleft palate
  • Guttural pouch tympany
  • Brachycephalic airway syndrome
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17
Q

How is a cleft palate caused?

A

Failure of the palatine shelves to close

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18
Q

Describe guttural pouch tympany

A
  • Nasopharyngeal opening defect => air in guttural pouch.

- Pressure => dyspnoea, dysphagia + aspiration pneumonia

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19
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome is a combination of which 3 anatomical problems?

A
  • Stenotic nares
  • Everted laryngeal saccules
  • Elongated soft palate
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20
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Bleeding from the nose

21
Q

What are some causes of epistaxis?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Infection, trauma
  • Neoplasia
  • Clotting defects
22
Q

What are the 5 typical signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
23
Q

How does the type of exudate change as inflammation progresses?

A

Serous => catarrhal => purulent

- can also become fibrinous after catarrhal

24
Q

What are the signs of acute inflammation?

A

Vasodynamic changes – redness, swelling, exudate

Increased secretions – serous, mucus

25
Q 
Describe the following types of exudate:
Serous
Catarrhal
Fibrinous
Purulent
A
  1. Clear watery discharge
  2. Viscoid, mucoid
  3. Thick, fibrinous, haemorrhagic
  4. Thick, white, green, brown
26
Q

Which type of exudate contains some inflammatory cells but in low levels?

A

Catarrhal

27
Q

Which type of exudate contains high numbers of inflammatory cells?

A

Purulent

28
Q

Which pathological changes are associated with chronic inflammation?

A
  • Mucosal hyperplasia
  • Epithelial metaplasia
  • Increased numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • Fibroblasts
29
Q

How does the shape of epithelial cells change in metaplasia secondary to chronic inflammation?

A

Ciliated columnar => stratified squamous

30
Q

Polyps secondary to chronic inflammation occur most commonly in which species?

A

Horses and cats

31
Q

Where is the respiratory tract to polyps arise in cats?

A

Auditory tube or tympanic bulla

32
Q

What are polyps?

A

Lumps of fibrous material and blood vessels, coated in epithelium that get in the way of airway flow

33
Q

What are some causes of upper airway inflammation?

A
  • Irritants/allergens
  • Foreign bodies
  • Parasites
  • Infectious agents
34
Q

An infectious disease is the combination of which 3 factors?

A

Aetiological agents
Susceptible host
Favourable environment

35
Q

Give examples of viral agents associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Bovine herpes virus 1
  • Equine herpes virus 1 and 4
  • Equine influenza virus
  • Feline calicivirus
  • Canine distemper virus
  • Canine adenovirus
36
Q

Bovine herpes virus cases what respiratory condition?

A

Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis

37
Q

What can exacerbate Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Overcrowding, stress

38
Q

How does Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis affect the respiratory system, describe the different stages of infection/damage?

A
  • Damage to mucociliary escalator
  • Impaired mucosal defences
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Influx of neutrophils, purulent discharge
  • neutralising antibodies and cell mediated immunity response
  • resolution of viral and bacterial infection
39
Q

What is the trigger for an inflammatory response in an infectious bovine tracheitis infection?

A

Infection of nasal and conjunctival epithelial cells where viral replication takes place

40
Q

What are the signs of infectious bovine tracheitis infection?

A
  • Serous or catarrhal exudate from nose which worsens to purulent discharge
  • Conjunctival and nasal hyperaemia
41
Q

Give two examples of bacterial agents associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

Streptococcus equi in horses

Pasteurella multocidi in pigs

42
Q

Which disease is caused by Streptococcus equi?

A

Strangles

43
Q

Which exudate is typical of S.equi?

A

Initial serous nasal discharge becomes purulent

44
Q

Describe how a S.equi infection causes damage?

A
  • colonises nasopharyngeal mucosa
  • lymphatic spread to lymph nodes
  • abscesses within parotid lymph node can rupture
  • guttural pouch emphysema
45
Q

Why do abscesses rupture into the guttural pouch in horses?

A

It is the direction of least resistance

46
Q

Which fungal agent is associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Aspergillus fumigatis

47
Q

Describe an Aspergillus fumigatis infection

A
  • Dogs, horses and birds
  • Fibronecrotic/granulomatous inflammation
  • Bone lysis
  • Guttural pouch mycosis
48
Q

Describe guttural pouch mycosis and its associated complications

A
  • Infection causes severe inflammation and necrosis
  • Causes damage to cranial nerves which can lead to facial paralysis
  • Erosion of blood vessels which can cause fatal haemorrhage
49
Q

Name the neoplasia associated with the following tissues:

  • Lining epithelium
  • Glands
  • Bone
  • Connective tissue
A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Fibrosarcoma

Y3 Respiratory Pathology (5 decks)

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