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Micro 2 class > Respiratory Pathogens: Virus and Fungi > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathogens: Virus and Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common respiratory DNA viruses?

A
  • Non enveloped
    • Adenovirus (Adenoviridae: ds DNA)
  • Enveloped
    • Epstein-Barr Virus Herpesviridae: dsDNA
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2
Q

What are the respiratory RNA viruses?

A
  • Non enveloped
    • Rhinovirus : Picornaviridae, ss + sense
    • Coxsackie A: Picornaviridae, ss + sense
  • Enveloped:
    • Coronavirus: Coronaviridae (ss + sense)
    • Parainfluenza Virus: Paramyxoviridae(ss -sense)
    • Metapneumovirus: Paramyxoviridae(ss-sense)
    • Respiratory Syncytial Virus: RSV Paramyxoviridae(ss -sense)
    • Influenza virus: Orthomyxoviridae, ss negative sense , 8 segments RNA
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3
Q

What are the simliarites between Adenovirus and EBV?

A

Both are linear and Icosahedral.

EBV is enveloped. Adeno is naked

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4
Q

What are the general properties of Rhinovirus?

A
  • Non-enveloped,
  • icosahedral,
  • ss +sense RNA,
  • at least 100 serotypes are known
  • Replication in the cytoplasm using RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (viral coded/not carried)
  • resistant to drying, detergents
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5
Q

How do picornaviruses enter the cell?

A

Entry by viropexis or endocytosis

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6
Q

What are the piconaviridae viruses?

A

Two major groups

  • Rhinoviruses: respiratory tract
  • Enteroviruses: enteric tract
    • Coxsackie virus (respiratory and intestinal tract)
    • Poliovirus
    • Echovirus
    • Hepatitis A virus
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7
Q

How do picornaviruses replicate?

A

Simple +sense

  1. Genome is injected or virion is endocytosed and genome is released.
  2. Genome is used as mRNA for protein synthesis
  3. Polyprotein is proteolytically cleaved
  4. RNA dependant RNA polymerase replicates the genome
  5. Protein associate into the capsid structure, the genome is inserted, and the virions are released on cell lysis
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8
Q

What population is at risk for rhinovirus?

A

Infatns and children

During ealy autumn and late spring

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9
Q

What is the treatment of rhinovirus?

A

Usually self-limited

No antiviral drugs effective

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10
Q

What is the transmission of Rhinovirus?

A
  • direct contact (hands);
  • inhalation of aerosols;
  • by fomites
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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rhinovirus?

A
  • Receptor on host cell - ICAM-1
  • Low Infectious dose (as low as 1 virion)
  • Replicates better at 33*C than at 37*C,
    • Reason for preferring upper respiratory tract
  • Acid labile (killed in stomach acid if swallowed), does not involve GI tract
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12
Q

What diseases are caused by rhinovirus?

How is it diagnosed.

A
  • Common cold.
  • Sneezing followed by rhinorrhea

Clinically, Lab diagnosis rarely done- viral isolation and serology

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13
Q

Why are Coronaviruses given their name?

A

Glycoprotein projections of their surfaces (corona = crown)

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14
Q

Via what process does the influenza viruse enter the epithelial cells?

A

Endocytosis

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15
Q

Influenza virus mutation that causes epidemics or pandemic cases

A

Antigenic shift. The mix of the DNA gives it High virulance characteristics.

Drift will cause seasonal strains but not empidemics

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16
Q

Influenza Drug Resistance is seen more with with type of drug

A

Prevention of uncoating: block matrix proteins (M2), effective against type A only

  • Amantadine
  • Rimantadine
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17
Q

What are the three types of Influenza Virus?

A
  1. Flu Shot- IM, SC. Killed virus
  2. Recombinant Vaccine- hemagglutinin protein
  3. Nasal Spray
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18
Q

What is the importance of nasal spray flu vaccine?

A

LAIV - Live attenuated influenza vaccine.

Reconstructed from a mutant strain and a virulent strain by reassortment.

Cold adapted mutant <25*C

Should not be given to immunosupressed patients

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19
Q

In 2002, a previously unknown viral disease arose in China and spread to five countries around the world causing thousands of cases with about a 10% overall mortality rate. The disease attributed to a novel corona virus. What type of virus is this?

A

Enveloped, positive sense RNA

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20
Q

Of the possible etiologic agents of repiratoy disease which is the most serious? common?

A

Most common: viruses

Bacterial infections are nore serious- life thretatening

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21
Q

What are the viral respiratory pathogens?

A
  • DNA Viruses
    • Adenovirus
    • Epstein-Barr Virus
  • RNA Viruses
    • Rhinovirus
    • Coxsackie viruses
    • Coronavirus
    • Influenza virus
    • Parainfluenza virus
    • Respiratory syncytial virus
    • Human metapneumovirus
    • Hantavirus
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22
Q

Patient presents with inflammation in any or all airways, including the nose, paranasal sinuses, throat, middle ear, larynx, and sometimes the trachea and bronchi. What are the possible pathogens causing this syndrome?

A

Common COld

VIruses (90%)

  • Rhinoviruses (most common)
  • Coronaviruses
  • Adenoviruses
  • Influenza virus

Other

  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
23
Q

22 year old female has a cough, mucus, fever, muscle aches and fatigue. What list of pathogens can cause her symptoms?

A

Patient has Bronchitis/bronchiolitis

Respiratory syncytial virus (Most common bronchiolitis)

Parainfluenza virus

Influenza virus

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

24
Q

The Flu is caused by which virus

A

Influenza Virus

25
Q

What are the fungal respiratory pathogens?

A
  • Aspergillus spp.
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Rhizopus spp.
  • Mucor spp.
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
26
Q

What are the general properties of coronavirus?

A
  • Enveloped,
  • helical nucleocapsid,
  • longest positive sense ssRNA
  • Surface projections with club shaped
  • glycoproteins
  • Acquires envelope from Endo. reticulum
27
Q

What are the 3 strains of corona virus?

A
  • Conventional coronavirus (2 serogroups: OC43 and 229E)
  • SARS- Severe acute respiratory syndrome
  • MERS – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
28
Q

What populations are at risk for a coronavirus infection?

How is it transmitted?

A
  • Coronavirus: common cold mainly affects infants and children.
  • SARS: anyone can be infected
  • MERS-Cov- majority with underlying medical condition

Transmission:

  • Airborne droplets (winter/spring peak time)
  • MERS-Cov – Close contacts, also by drinking camel milk and eating camel meat
29
Q

What are the clinical diseases are caused by coronavirus?

A
  • Common Cold: 2nd to rhinovirus (10-15%) and long IP (3 days)
  • SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome
    • A form of atypical pneumonia
    • 20% may have diarrhea
  • MERS-CoV:
    • ARDS + renal failure/ multi-organ failure, diarrhea
    • Mortality rate 30%
30
Q

How is coronavirus diagnosed?

A
  • Lab not done for convectional
  • SARS&MERS- RT- PCR; ELISA for antibodies
31
Q

How is corona virus treated?

A

Interferon and Ribavirin

32
Q

What are teh general characterisitics of adenovirus?

A
  • ds DNA virus, non-enveloped;
  • Icosahedral capsid
  • Pentons of a base and a protruding fiber: attachment protein and hemagglutinin
  • May survive up to 90 days in poorly chlorinated pools
33
Q

What are the receptors on the adenovirus?

A
  • CAR: Coxsackie adenovirus receptor -glycoproteins belonging to Ig super family
  • CD46 (membrane cofactor protein)
  • MHC class I
  • Integrin
  • Sialic acid
34
Q

What populations are for an adenovirus infection?

A
  • children <14 years,
  • young adults in crowded areas,
  • swimming clubs
35
Q

What are the tree types of adenovirus infections?

A
  1. Lytic- host cell death
    • Target cell: muco-epithelial cells in respiratory tract (upper and lower), conjunctiva, GI, urinary tract.
  2. Latent- recurrence in immuno compromised patients
    • Target cells: lymphoid cells: tonsils, adenoid, Peyer’s patches
  3. Transforming infection: NOT in HUMANS
36
Q

What diseases can be caused by adenovirus?

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Pharyngoconjuctival fever (3, 7)
  • Acute respiratory diseae (4, 7, 21)
  • Pneumonia
  • GI-diarrhea- (40,41)
  • Hemorrhagic cystits- (11, 21)
37
Q

What are the symptoms of non exudative pharyngitis?

A
  • Common cold symptoms
  • Fever, sore throat, coryza (runny nose), inflamed pharynx
  • Young children
38
Q

What are the sympotoms of phayngoconjunctival fever?

A
  • Common cold symptoms
  • Fever, sore throat,
  • coryza (runny nose),
  • inflamed pharynx
  • conjunctivitis (pink eye)
  • associated with poorly chlorinated swimming pools
  • older children
39
Q

A 23 yr old male comes to your clinic. He has just returned home from basic military training. He has fever, malaise, sore throat, hoarseness, cough andconjunctivitis. What is the most common cause of this diseasae?

A

Adenovirus is the most common cause of acute respiratory infection in newly recruited soldiers.

40
Q

How is adenovirus diagnosed?

A
  • immunoassay (fluorescent ab or ELISA) or PCR on samples;
  • virus Isolation in cell culture.
41
Q

What is the prevention for adenovirus?

A
  • Hygiene: covering mouths/nose
  • Proper chlorination of swimming pools
  • Live vaccine (non attenuated) only for military
42
Q

What are the general characterisistic of the Coxsackie A virus?

A
  • positive sense ssRNA,
  • non enveloped
  • fecal oral transmission
43
Q

What populations are at risk for coxsackie A virus?

A
  • Primarily infants and children (2 weeks to 3 years),
  • predominates in summer and fall seasons.
44
Q

What diseases can be caused by coxsackie A virus?

A
  1. Herpangia
  2. Hand foot & mouth diseae
45
Q

What is the presentation of Herpangina?

A
  • Vesicular Pharyngitis
    • Sudden fever (38-40*C)
    • Headache
    • Sore throat
    • Dysphagia
    • Ulceration and vesicular rash in the pharynx, tonsils, mouth
46
Q

What is the presentation of hand-foot mouth disease?

A
  • (coxA 16)
  • mild fever
  • Vesicular lesion, hand, foot, mouth and tongue
47
Q

What 3 respiratory viruses are under the paramyxoviridae?

A
  • Paramyxovirus: parainfluenza and mumps
  • Pneumovirus: respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus
  • Morbillivirus: measles
48
Q

What are the general properties of paramyxoviridae family?

A
  • Enveloped
  • negative sense ssRNA viruses
  • carry RNA polymerase
  • Non segmented RNA
  • helical nucleocapsid
  • F peplomer for fusio
49
Q

What are the general properties of the parainfluenza virus?

A
  • ss negative sense non segmented RNA
  • enveloped
  • cytoplasmic replication
  • Buds from plasma membrane
  • pleomorphic morphology
  • HN and F peplomers
50
Q

What populations are at risk for a parainfluenza virus?

A
  • Children 6 mth. to 12 yrs of age,
  • Adults (re-infection); Short term immunity after disease
51
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the parainfluenza virus?

A
  • Adhesion mediated by hemagglutinin – binds to sialic acid
  • F protein- merging of infected cells- multinucleated cell- syncytia
  • Neuraminidase- release and cell lysis
52
Q

what clinical diseases are caused by parainfluenza virus?

A
  1. Croup,
  2. Laryngotracheobronchitis
  3. mild cold-like upper respiratory infections

Type 3: most commonly isolated from children with LRTI in US

Type 1 and 2: major causes of croup

53
Q

How is parainfluenza treated?

A
  • Hospitalization: monitor airway continuously
  • Cold or Warm mist (humidification) – “croup tent”
  • Oxygen
  • May use IM dexamethasone (corticosteroid ) and/or inhaled epinephrine (pediatric)
54
Q

A child of 18 months presents with breathing difficulty, hoarseness, and a “barking” cough. Symptoms worses when she lays down. Radiography shows a steeple trachea. What pathogen is the culprit for the child’s diease?

A

Croup

Parainfluenza Virus (80%)

Micro 2 class (6 decks)

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