Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory 2 > Respiratory Path 1 - Galbraith > Flashcards

Respiratory Path 1 - Galbraith Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious rhinitis - pathogens

A
  • Usually viral (adeno, rhino, echo)

- Can get bacterial superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infectious rhinitis - presentation (viral and bacterial)

Prognosis?

A
  • Clear, watery catarrhal secretion (runny nose) = viral
  • Mucopurulent (green, thicker) = bacterial superinfection
  • Self-limited (resolves with time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiating infectious rhinitis from ALLERGIC rhinitis

A

Allergic = IgE hypersensitivity reaction

- Similar presentation otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Edematous protrusions of nasal mucosa, with a myxoid spongy core of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils

Common cause?
Complication?

A

Nasal polyps

  • Secondary to repeated RHINITIS episodes (often)
  • Can cause OBSTRUCTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protrusions of nasal mucosa lined with sinonasal pseudostratified epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

A

Nasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sinusitis - culprits (2)

Caused by ______

A
  • Oral bacteria or allergies

- Impaired drainage of sinuses (rhinitis, blockage (polyp))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FUNGAL sinusitis…organisms? (2)

Think what?

A
  • Mucormycosis, Aspergillus

- DIABETICS or immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common symptoms of sinusitis

A

Discomfort, malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sinusitis - complication?

Thus?

A

Spread into underlying tissues (bone, orbit, cranium)

MUST BE TREATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common start spot for a sinusitis infection

A

Tooth infection –> spreads upward into sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Red, swollen tonsils with white exudate on top (organisms?)

A

Bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis (group A strep, S. aureus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pharyngitis/tonsillitis…most common pathogens?

Interesting thing about these pathogens?

A

Adenovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus

SAME ONES as in rhinitis –> can move down and cause this too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Necrotizing lesions of URT… 3 causes?

A
  • Fungal infection
  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
  • NK/T cell lymphoma (EBV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Male, 40-60, asian or latin american, necrotizing ulceration lesion of the upper respiratory tract

A

Aggressive (EBV) NK/T cell lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Adolescent male (red head, fair skin)
Benign vascular tumor with stromal background in the nasal cavity
A

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common location of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

Posterolateral roof of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

“Benign” nature of a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Thus?

A

May be locally aggressive and extend into the cranium

MUST be excised completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Male, 30-60

Benign tumor of the RESPIRATORY or SQUAMOUS mucosa in nasal cavity and sinuses

A

Sinonasal (Schneiderian) papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 types of sinonasal (Schneiderian) papilloma

A
  • Exophytic (growing up off mucosal surface)
  • Inverted (growing down into mucosa and tissue)
  • Cylindrical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sinonasal (Schneiderian) papilloma - pathogens

A

HPV 6, 11 (Exophytic, Inverted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Squamous cell-lined fronds growing downward into stromal tissue from mucosal surface

Complications?

Treatment?

A

Inverted sinonasal papilloma

Malignant extension into orbit or cranial vault

EXCISION - to prevent recurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Small round blue cell tumor in superior nasal cavity

Arises from what cell layer?

A

Olfactory neuroblastoma

Neuroendocrine/neuroectoderm

23
Q

Treatment for olfactory neuroblastoma

A

Removal + chemo

24
Q

3 forms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A
  • Keratinizing squamous cell
  • Nonkeratinizing squamous cell
  • Undifferentiated basaloid carcinoma (w/ lymphocytes)
25
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - populations? (2)

A
  • African children

- Chinese adults

26
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - pathogen

A

EBV

27
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - treatment

A

Radiation (especially undifferentiated type)

28
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - most common other finding?

A

Nodal metastases

29
Q

Laryngeal inflammation

Causes?

A

Laryngitis

  • Infection (children most common)
  • Allergy
  • SMOKING (adults most common)
30
Q

Childhood laryngitis…pathogens? (3)

Complication?

A
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • Respiratory syncycial virus
  • Group A beta-hemolytic strep

Can OCCLUDE AIRWAY

31
Q

Child, laryngeal infection –> inspiratory stridor

A

Croup

32
Q

Adult laryngeal infection…complications?

A

Smoking –> squamous metaplasia and carcinoma

33
Q

Smooth, round protrusions of vascular and connective tissue covered with squamous epithelium - on the vocal cords

A

Reactive nodules

34
Q

Unilateral vs. bilateral vocal cord nodules

A 
U/L = smoker
B/L = singer (repeated vocal cord strain)
35
Q

Reactive nodule - complication

A

Chronic hoarseness

36
Q

Recurring squamous-lined frond(s) with fibrovascular core - on vocal cords

Pathogen?
Prognosis?

A

Squamous papilloma

HPV 6, 11

Benign

37
Q

Male, 50s, smoker

Dysplastic squamous epithelium protruding as a mass frm the laryngeal (vocal cord) surface

A

Laryngeal carcinoma

38
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma is almost exclusively caused by ___

A

SMOKING

39
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma - presentation

A

Hoarse, pain in throat, dysphagia, hemoptysis

40
Q

Newborn, decreased breathing, small lung(s)

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

41
Q

Unilateral vs. bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia

A 
U/L = via congenital diaphragmatic hernia
B/L = via oligohydramnios
42
Q

Newborn, mass of fluid lined with epithelium and smooth muscle - in the mediastinum

3 types?

A

Foregut cyst

Bronchogenic, Esophageal, Enteric

43
Q

Segment of lung without connection to airway, supplied by SYSTEMIC vasculature (oxygenated)

A

Pulmonary sequestration

44
Q

Resorption atelectasis - describe

A
  • Airway obstruction
  • Air within lung section is resorbed
  • Lung section collapses
  • Mediastinum shifts TOWARD the bad lung
45
Q

Compression atelectasis - describe

A
  • Fluid, tumor, or air accumulation in pleural space
  • Lung section cannot expand
  • Mediastinum shifts AWAY from bad lung
46
Q

Contraction atelectasis - describe

A
  • Pulmonary/pleural FIBROSIS
  • Lung cannot expand
  • Lung completely shrinks over time (IRREVERSIBLE)
47
Q

Intra-alveolar accumulation of fluid
Alveolar are pink and granular
Alveoli contain brown-colored macrophages

A

Pulmonary edema

48
Q

2 main causes of pulmonary edema

A
  • Increased hemodynamic pressure in pulmonary vasculature (heart failure, volume overload, etc.)
  • Microvascular (alveolar) injury (toxins, drugs, gases, infections, trauma, etc.)
49
Q

Inflammation-induced vascular permeability –> diffuse pulmonary edema and rapid hypoxemia

A

Acute lung injury

50
Q

Causes of the vascular inflammation in ALI

A
  • Infections
  • Trauma
  • Toxins
  • Hemodynamic disturbances
  • Pancreatitis
  • Urema
  • Immune reactios
51
Q

The damage to the endothelium in ALI is called ____

A

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

52
Q

Lungs are firm, heavy, boggy, and red…with edema, hyaline membranes, and inflammatory cells

A

Acute lung injury

53
Q

Granulation tissue within the alveolar endothelium, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, fibrosis

A

Organizing (“resolving”) ALI/ARDS

54
Q

Potential cause of collapsing alveoli in ALI

A

Loss of type 2 pneumocytes = loss of surfactant

Respiratory 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions