Respiratory Nasal And Nasopharyngeal Diseases

Question 1

What are the clinical signs associated with nasopharyngeal (NP) disease?

Answer 1

Stertor, gagging, inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea, nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing, excessive swallowing, voice changes, reverse sneezing (dogs)

Example sentence: Dogs with nasopharyngeal disease may exhibit reverse sneezing.

Question 2

What are the clinical signs associated with nasal disease/rhinitis?

Answer 2

Sneezing, nasal discharge (mucoid or purulent), nasal obstruction, stertor, epistaxis, facial deformity, pain, nasal airflow reduction

Question 3

Describe the relationship between the nasopharynx and the middle ear.

Answer 3

The nasopharynx connects to the middle ear via the auditory tube. Nasopharyngeal polyps can extend into the middle ear, causing otic signs

Question 4

What are the common diagnostic methods for nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases?

Answer 4

Physical examination, imaging (radiographs, CT), endoscopy, biopsy, cytology, culture, serology

Question 5

Why is a CT performed before endoscopy in patients needing both tests?

Answer 5

CT provides detailed imaging to identify the extent of disease and guide endoscopic evaluation and biopsy, ensuring a comprehensive assessment

Question 6

List the causes, treatments, and prognosis for nasopharyngeal polyps.

Answer 6

Causes: Congenital defects, chronic inflammation, viral infections
Treatments: Traction-avulsion, corticosteroids, ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO)
Prognosis: Good, but recurrence is possible, VBO can prevent recurrence

Question 7

Describe the signalment and clinical signs of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.

Answer 7

Signalment: Usually young to middle-aged, dolichocephalic breeds
Clinical signs: Nasal discharge (mucopurulent, often copious), sneezing, epistaxis, facial pain, depigmentation, ulceration

Question 8

List at least 5 differential diagnoses for nasal discharge and sneezing.

Answer 8

Allergic rhinitis, viral infections, bacterial rhinitis, fungal infections, neoplasia, foreign bodies, dental disease, nasopharyngeal polyps

Question 9

What are the specific treatments and prognosis for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in cats?

Answer 9

Treatments: Antibiotics (doxycycline, azithromycin), anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs, prednisolone), nasal flush, humidification, N-acetylcysteine, antiviral (lysine, famciclovir)
Prognosis: Controllable but usually not curable, aim to reduce severity and frequency of signs

Question 10

What are the common clinical signs of fungal rhinitis in cats caused by Cryptococcus?

Answer 10

Sneezing, nasal discharge (often unilateral), polypoid masses in nares, ulcers/nodules on planum or bridge, decreased nasal airflow, exophthalmos, facial asymmetry, stertor, mass/ulcer in pterygopalantine fossa, enlarged lymph nodes, neurologic signs

Question 11

What is the treatment and prognosis for nasal aspergillosis in dogs?

Answer 11

Treatment: Oral posaconazole or itraconazole, topical treatment and debridement for localized disease
Prognosis: Good if no CNS involvement, poor for sino-orbital aspergillosis