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ANAPHY LEC > RESPIRATORY (MODULE) > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY (MODULE) Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of smoking

A
  1. Impaired respiratory cilia
  2. Production of excess mucus
  3. Development of Lung Cancer
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2
Q

The upper respiratory system consists of _________, _________ _________, _________ _________, and _________.

A

Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx (throat)

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3
Q

Functions of URS

A

Filter, warm, humidify incoming air

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4
Q

The lower respiratory system consists of _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________ of the _________.

A

Larynx (Voice Box), Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli of the Lungs

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5
Q

All respiratory structures that air passes through from the external environment are lined with mucous membrane, except _________.

A

Sites of gas exchange

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6
Q

Serves as a conduit to move air

A

Conducting portion

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7
Q

Organs of conducting portion

A

Nasal cavity to larger bronchioles

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8
Q

Portion where gas exchange takes place

A

Respiratory portion

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9
Q

Thinly stretched epithelial cells that make up 95% of the surface area of the lung

A

Type I alveolar cells/ Squamous alveolar cells

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10
Q

T/F: The lungs are anchored to the ribcage

A

False. They move with the ribcage through suction.

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11
Q

The space between parietal and visceral pleura filled with small amount of fluid.

A

Intrapleural space

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12
Q

T/F: Blood or air can go into intrapleural space when an individual is healthy.

A

False. Blood or air can only get in the space during injury.

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13
Q

Three basic steps of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

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14
Q

The physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract.

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

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15
Q

One inspiration plus the following expiration is called a _________ _________.

A

Respiratory cycle

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16
Q

During resting inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _________ _________ the atmospheric pressure.

A

Less than

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17
Q

The effects of surface tension in alveoli is reduced by lipoproteins called _________.

A

Surfactants

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18
Q

Steps of Inspiration

A
  1. Impulses are conducted on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them.
  2. Diaphragm moves downward, the thoracic cavity expands.
  3. External intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity further.
  4. The intra-alveolar pressure decreases.
  5. Atmospheric pressure, greater than intra-alveolar pressure, forces air into the respiratory tract
    through the air passages.
  6. The lungs fill with air.
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19
Q

In forced inhalation, the _________ _________, _________, and the _________ also pull the thoracic cage.

A

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoids, and the scalenes.

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20
Q

Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is _________ _________ atmospheric pressure.

A

Greater than.

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21
Q

In forced expiration, the _________ _________ _________ work to increase air pressure in lungs, and the _________ _________ pull organs downward.

A

Internal (expiratory) intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

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22
Q

Steps of expiration

A
  1. The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax.
  2. Elastic tissues of the lungs, suddenly recoil, and surface
    tension pulls in on alveolar walls.
  3. Tissues recoiling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure.
  4. Air is forced out of the lungs.
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23
Q

A breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of surfactant.

A

Respiratory Disease Syndrome

24
Q

The amount of effort required to stretch the lungs and chest wall.

A

Lung compliance

25
Q

Decreased lung compliance occurs due to

A
  1. scar lung tissue (tuberculosis)
  2. lung tissue is filled with fluid (pulmonary edema)
  3. surfactant deficiency
  4. lung expansion is hindered (paralysis of intercostal muscles)
26
Q

Abnormal increase in lung compliance occurs due to

A

Emphysema, where elastic tissues are destroyed.

27
Q

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.

A

Dalton’s Law

27
Q

Large-diameter airways have _________ resistance than narrow airways.

A

Less

27
Q

Resistance during exhalation is _________ than resistance during inhalation,

A

Greater

28
Q

A gas law which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional.

A

Boyle’s Law

29
Q

Step in respiration where O2 from the alveoli of the lungs diffuses to blood in pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 moves in the opposite direction.

A

External respiration/ Pulmonary gas exchange

29
Q

The gas law which states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and solubility coefficient of the gas.

A

Henry’s Law

30
Q

The exchange of CO2 and O2 between systemic capillaries,

A

Internal respiration

31
Q

The tightness of binding of O2 to hemoglobin.

A

Affinity

32
Q

When PO2 is higher, the affinity of O2 to Hb is _________ .

A

higher

33
Q

In tissue capillaries, PO2 is _________. Thus, Hb does not hold that much O2, causing it to be _________ into tissue cells.

A

Low, Unloaded

34
Q

As pH _________ , the affinity of Hb for O2 _________ .

A

decreases, decreases

35
Q

Since CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin, as PCO2 increases, hemoglobin’s affinity to O2 _________ .

A

Decreases

36
Q

As temperature decreases, the binding of O2 to Hb _________ .

A

Increases

37
Q

BPG, as substance in RBC, causes a _________ in affinity of Hb and O2.

A

Decrease

38
Q

Fetal-Hb has _________ affinity due to _________ _________ than Adult-Hb.

A

Lower, weaker BPG

39
Q

CO2 is transported in the blood in three main ways, namely

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma
  2. Combining with carbamino compounds
  3. Transported as bicarbonate ions
40
Q

The two principal areas of respiratory center

A
  1. Medullary respiratory center
  2. Pontine respiratory group
41
Q

The dorsal respiratory group of neurons is responsible for _________, while the ventral respiratory group is responsible for _________.

A

basic rhythm of respiration, stimulation of muscles in forced breathing

42
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in _________ concentration, PCO2, or both.

A

H+

43
Q

An allergic reaction to foreign antigens in airways, which causes bronchoconstriction.

A

Bronchial asthma

44
Q

A progressive, degenerative disease which causes clusters of small air sacs to merge intro larger chambers.

A

Emphysema

45
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is _________ _________ intrapleural pressure.

A

greater than

46
Q

If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally, the oxygen content of arterial blood would be _________ .

A

normal

47
Q

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin would cause a _________ in arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation.

A

decrease

48
Q

H+ in the CSF derived from blood CO2 directly stimulates the _________ of the _________ .

A

chemoreceptors, medulla

49
Q

The activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in _________ _________ produces rhythmic control of breathing.

A

medulla oblongata

50
Q

Erythropoietin is produced by _________

A

kidneys

51
Q

PCO2 is _________ in systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.

A

higher

52
Q

During hypoxemia, ventilation _________ , 2.3-DPG _________ , and the production of erythropoietin _________ .

A

increases, increases, increases

53
Q
A

ANAPHY LEC (2 decks)

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