RESPIRATORY (MODULE) Flashcards
Effects of smoking
- Impaired respiratory cilia
- Production of excess mucus
- Development of Lung Cancer
The upper respiratory system consists of _________, _________ _________, _________ _________, and _________.
Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx (throat)
Functions of URS
Filter, warm, humidify incoming air
The lower respiratory system consists of _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________ of the _________.
Larynx (Voice Box), Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli of the Lungs
All respiratory structures that air passes through from the external environment are lined with mucous membrane, except _________.
Sites of gas exchange
Serves as a conduit to move air
Conducting portion
Organs of conducting portion
Nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
Portion where gas exchange takes place
Respiratory portion
Thinly stretched epithelial cells that make up 95% of the surface area of the lung
Type I alveolar cells/ Squamous alveolar cells
T/F: The lungs are anchored to the ribcage
False. They move with the ribcage through suction.
The space between parietal and visceral pleura filled with small amount of fluid.
Intrapleural space
T/F: Blood or air can go into intrapleural space when an individual is healthy.
False. Blood or air can only get in the space during injury.
Three basic steps of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
The physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
One inspiration plus the following expiration is called a _________ _________.
Respiratory cycle
During resting inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _________ _________ the atmospheric pressure.
Less than
The effects of surface tension in alveoli is reduced by lipoproteins called _________.
Surfactants
Steps of Inspiration
- Impulses are conducted on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them.
- Diaphragm moves downward, the thoracic cavity expands.
- External intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity further.
- The intra-alveolar pressure decreases.
- Atmospheric pressure, greater than intra-alveolar pressure, forces air into the respiratory tract
through the air passages. - The lungs fill with air.
In forced inhalation, the _________ _________, _________, and the _________ also pull the thoracic cage.
Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoids, and the scalenes.
Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is _________ _________ atmospheric pressure.
Greater than.
In forced expiration, the _________ _________ _________ work to increase air pressure in lungs, and the _________ _________ pull organs downward.
Internal (expiratory) intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles
Steps of expiration
- The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax.
- Elastic tissues of the lungs, suddenly recoil, and surface
tension pulls in on alveolar walls. - Tissues recoiling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure.
- Air is forced out of the lungs.
A breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of surfactant.
Respiratory Disease Syndrome
The amount of effort required to stretch the lungs and chest wall.
Lung compliance
Decreased lung compliance occurs due to
- scar lung tissue (tuberculosis)
- lung tissue is filled with fluid (pulmonary edema)
- surfactant deficiency
- lung expansion is hindered (paralysis of intercostal muscles)
Abnormal increase in lung compliance occurs due to
Emphysema, where elastic tissues are destroyed.
Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.
Dalton’s Law
Large-diameter airways have _________ resistance than narrow airways.
Less
Resistance during exhalation is _________ than resistance during inhalation,
Greater
A gas law which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
Boyle’s Law
Step in respiration where O2 from the alveoli of the lungs diffuses to blood in pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 moves in the opposite direction.
External respiration/ Pulmonary gas exchange
The gas law which states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and solubility coefficient of the gas.
Henry’s Law
The exchange of CO2 and O2 between systemic capillaries,
Internal respiration
The tightness of binding of O2 to hemoglobin.
Affinity
When PO2 is higher, the affinity of O2 to Hb is _________ .
higher
In tissue capillaries, PO2 is _________. Thus, Hb does not hold that much O2, causing it to be _________ into tissue cells.
Low, Unloaded
As pH _________ , the affinity of Hb for O2 _________ .
decreases, decreases
Since CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin, as PCO2 increases, hemoglobin’s affinity to O2 _________ .
Decreases
As temperature decreases, the binding of O2 to Hb _________ .
Increases
BPG, as substance in RBC, causes a _________ in affinity of Hb and O2.
Decrease
Fetal-Hb has _________ affinity due to _________ _________ than Adult-Hb.
Lower, weaker BPG
CO2 is transported in the blood in three main ways, namely
- Dissolved in plasma
- Combining with carbamino compounds
- Transported as bicarbonate ions
The two principal areas of respiratory center
- Medullary respiratory center
- Pontine respiratory group
The dorsal respiratory group of neurons is responsible for _________, while the ventral respiratory group is responsible for _________.
basic rhythm of respiration, stimulation of muscles in forced breathing
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in _________ concentration, PCO2, or both.
H+
An allergic reaction to foreign antigens in airways, which causes bronchoconstriction.
Bronchial asthma
A progressive, degenerative disease which causes clusters of small air sacs to merge intro larger chambers.
Emphysema
Intrapulmonary pressure is _________ _________ intrapleural pressure.
greater than
If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally, the oxygen content of arterial blood would be _________ .
normal
A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin would cause a _________ in arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation.
decrease
H+ in the CSF derived from blood CO2 directly stimulates the _________ of the _________ .
chemoreceptors, medulla
The activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in _________ _________ produces rhythmic control of breathing.
medulla oblongata
Erythropoietin is produced by _________
kidneys
PCO2 is _________ in systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.
higher
During hypoxemia, ventilation _________ , 2.3-DPG _________ , and the production of erythropoietin _________ .
increases, increases, increases
