DIGESTIVE (MODULE) Flashcards
Organs that aid in chemical and physical breakdown of food.
Accessory glands
Four layers of GI tract from deep to superficial.
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/ Adventitia
The layer of mucosa that serves as protection, secretion, and absorption and seals other layers.
Epithelium
The layer of mucosa that contains vessels for nutrient absorption and the MALT.
Lamina propria
The layer of mucosa that contains folds for increased surface area for digestion and absorption.
Muscularis mucosae
The layer of Alimentary canal that contains blood and lymphatic vessels for food molecule absorption.
Submucosa
The layer of Alimentary canal composed of skeletal muscles for swallowing food and digestion, and smooth muscles for continuous digestion.
Muscularis
The serosa contains __________ __________ __________, while the adventitia has __________ __________ __________.
Areolar connective tissues (multiple), areolar connective tissue (single)
The serosa is also called the __________ __________ because it forms a part of the peritoneum.
Visceral peritoneum
The __________ __________ contracts and causes a decrease in diameter of the lumen of GI tract, while the __________ __________ contracts to shorten segments of GI tract.
Circular muscle, longitudinal muscle
This integrates and coordinates the motility, secretory, and endocrine functions of the GI tract.
Enteric nervous system
Reflexes in which both afferent and efferent pathways are contained in then vagus nerve are called __________ __________.
Vagovagal reflexes
A division of autonomic nervous system responsible for excitatory function of the GI tract.
Parasympathetic nervous system
A division of autonomic nervous system responsible for inhibitory functions on the GI tract.
Sympathetic nervous system
An innervation in the GI tract composed of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Extrinsic innervation
The innervation that coordinates and relays information from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to the GI tract using local reflexes.
Intrinsic innervation/ enteric nervous system
Hormones that are released from endocrine cells in the GI mucosa into portal circulation, general circulation, then have physiological actions on target cells.
Gastrointestinal hormones
An official GI hormone which increases H+ secretion of gastric parietal cells and stimulates growth of gastric mucosa.
Gastrin
The official GI hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder, the secretion of pancreas, and inhibits gastric emptying.
Cholecystokinin
The actions of this official GI hormone are coordinated to reduce the amount of H+ in the lumen of the small intestine.
Secretin
A group of regulatory substance released from endocrine cells in the mucosa that diffuse over short distances to reach their target cells.
Paracrines
A paracrine which responds to H+ in the lumen.
Somatostatin
A paracrine secreted by mast cells.
Histamine
A neurocrine that causes relaxation of GI smooth muscle , stimulates pancreatic HCO3- secretion, and inhibits gastric H+ secretion.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
This neurocrine stimulates gastrin from G cells.
GRP (bombesin)
A neurocrine that stimulate contraction of GI smooth muscle, and inhibit intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes.
Enkephalins
Satiety center is located in the __________ __________ of the hypothalamus.
Ventromedial nucleus
The feeding center is located in the __________ __________ __________ of the hypothalamus.
Lateral hypothalamic area
The structures that separate the 5 parts of the GI tract.
Sphincters
The phase of swallowing where the food is pushed down by the tongue.
Voluntary Phase
The phase of deglutition which is a reflex initiated when a bolus stimulates tactile receptors in the oropharynx.
Pharyngeal Phase
The deglutition phase where food is moved from the pharynx to the stomach.
Esophageal Phase
Because the esophagus is located in the thorax, intraesophageal pressure __________ thoracic pressure.
Equals
A condition that occurs if the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter is decreased and gastric contents reflux into esophagus.
Gastroesophageal reflux (heartburn)
A vagovagal reflex initiated by distention of the stomach and is abolished by vagotomy.
Receptive relaxation in the stomach
The region of the stomach responsible for contractions and propelling food into the duodenum.
Caudad
A condition that may occur during periods of stress and may result in constipation or diarrhea.
Irritable bowel syndrome
It is the absence of the colonic enteric nervous system, which results in constriction of the involved segment, marked dilation and accumulation of intestinal contents proximal to the constriction, and severe constipation.
Megacolon/ Hirschsprung disease
The forceful expulsion of contents of the stomach and often, the proximal small intestine.
Vomiting
At low flow rates, saliva’s osmolarity and Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- concentration are at __________ , while the K+ concentration is at __________.
Lowest, highest
An ulcerative lesion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa that occurs due to loss of protective mucus barrier and/or excessive secretion of H+ and pepsin.
Peptic ulcer
An ulcer where gastric mucosa is damaged and gastric H+ secretion is decreased, which then stimulates gastric secretion.
Gastric ulcer
A condition that may occur due to increased gastric H+ secretion, damaging duodenal mucosa , or the inhibition of somatostatin secretion by H. pylori.
Duodenal ulcers
A condition that occurs when a gastric-secreting tumor of the pancreas causes increased H+ secretion.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
A disorder of pancreatic secretion that occurs due to a defect in Cl- channels, and is associated with a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes.
Cystic fibrosis
Causes of steatorrhea or malabsorption of lipids.
- Pancreatic disease
- Hypersecretion of gastrin
- Ileal resection
- Bacterial overgrowth
- Decreased number of intestinal cells for lipid absorption
- Failure to synthesize apoprotein B
The two intrinsic nerve plexuses that serve the alimentary canal are __________ and __________.
Submucosa and myenteric
T/F: HCl hydrolyzes peptide bonds.
False. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells in the stomach does not hydrolyze peptide bonds. Instead, it creates an acidic environment that activates the enzyme pepsinogen into pepsin, which then breaks down proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds.
Intrinsic factor, produced by cells in the stomach, is necessary for the absorption of the vitamin __________ in the small intestine.
Cyanobalamin/ B12
T/F: The external anal sphincter operates under voluntary control.
True. This muscle surrounds the anus and can be consciously controlled to regulate the passage of feces from the rectum to the outside of the body.
Name the 2 hormones that promote the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
Secretin and CCK
T/F: Starch digestion occurs in the stomach.
False. Starch digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase and continues in the small intestine with the action of pancreatic amylase. The stomach does not contribute to starch digestion because it does not produce amylase, the enzyme needed to break down starch.
T/F: The contraction of internal smooth muscle is increased by parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
True. Intestinal smooth muscle contracts automatically due to the activity of pacemaker cells. This contraction is increased by parasympathetic nerve stimulation and results in segmentation, a process that mixes and propels contents in the intestines.
What do the enteroendocrine cells of the stomach produce?
Gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells in the stomach. This acid aids in the digestion of food within the stomach.
God Bless to use, future RMTs! Kaya natin to! Laban lang!
Amen po
Fighting - BSS
