Respiratory Modalities, Problems, and Disorders Flashcards
What are the 3 main functions of the Respiratory System? (G.A.S.)
Gas Exchange
Acid base balance
Somatic Nervous System
What is the Normal respiratory rate?
12 - 20 bpm
Give the process of Gas exchange
- Presence of CO2 (Lungs)
- Brain activates to release CO2
- Phrenic Nerve (Diaphragmatic Action)
- Activate diaphragm
- Exhalation
- CO2 out (Gas exchange)
7 Brain taps Phrenic Nerve - Inhalation (New O2)
Air movement in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Oxygen in the bloodstream
Oxygenation
Oxygen in the tissues
Perfusion
What happens when the Alveoli is damaged?
- Atelectasis
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Problems in the Larynx
- Stridor
- Hoarseness of Voice
- Laryngeal Cancer
What to Watch out for in the trachea?
Tracheal Deviation
What problem may occur in the bronchioles?
Bronchiolitis
What is the purpose of T1 - LRT 1?
Structure
What happens when the T1 - LRT 1/ structure is damaged?
Atelectasis
What is the purpose of T2 - LRT 2?
Surfactant
What happens when the T2 - LRT2/Surfactant is damaged?
Emphysema ( Barrel chest)
What is the function of T3 - LRT 3?
Macrophages
What is the function of T3 - LRT 3?
Macrophages
What happens when the T3 - LRT 3/Macrophages have a problem?
Tuberculosis
What are the 3 accessory muscles used when there is a Respiratory Distress when assessing?
- Trapezius
- Diaphragm
- Sternocleidomastoid
Difficulty of Breathing pathophysiology
- ⬇️ O2
- Anaerobic Metabolism
- Lactic Acid
- Nerve Damage
- Generalized Pain
Normal Breath Sounds (3)
- Vesicular
- Bronchial
- Broncho-vesicular
Vesicular
Low pitch sound
Bronchial
High pitch sound
Broncho-vesicular
Mid-high pitch
Abnormal breath sounds
- Stridor
- Crackles
- Wheezing
S/S of problems in the Upper Respiratory track
Dry cough and Ichiness
S/S of problems in the Lower Respiratory Track
Mucus and Expectoration
Heard best in INHALATION
Stridor
Heard best in EXHALATION
Wheezing
V.I.B.E.R
Vesicular
⬇️
Inhalation
⬇️
Bronchial
⬇️
Exhalation
⬇️
Repeat Process
Abnormals:
Prolonged inhalation, steady, exhalation
BIOTS
End of Life Breathing
BIOTS
Normal breathing Apnea
⬇️
Brain Injury
Cheynes Stroke
Deep rapid breathing ➡️ Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Kussmauls
Respi. Modalities: 1 - 2 LPM
Nasal Cannula
5 - 10 LPM
Face Mask
Non rebreather mask LPM?
6 - 10 lpm
10 Lpm
Venturi Mask
Venturi mask (FACE)
Fitting
Accurate
COPD
Everybody not
What to WOF in managing CPAP
Oxygen toxicity
Symptom of oxygen toxicity
Headache
Blurring of Vision
ABG rule
ROME
Respiratory, Opposite
Metabolic, Equal
pH Normal values
7.35 - 7.45
HCO3 & PCO2 normal values
HCO3 = 22-26
PCO2 = 35 - 45
pH: Normal
Fully Compensated
pH: Abnormal
HCO3/PCO2: Normal
Uncompensated
pH: abnormal
HCO3/PCO2: abnormal
Partially compensated
HCO3: Normal
PCO2: Abnormal
Respiratory
HCO3: Abnormal
PCO2: Normal
Metabolic
HCO3: ⬆️ ?
HCO3: ⬇️ ?
PCO2: Normal
⬆️ Metabolic Alkalosis
⬇️ Metabolic Acidosis
HCO3: Normal
PCO2: ⬆️ ?
PCO2: ⬇️ ?
⬆️: Respiratory Acidosis
⬇️: Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis (hyperventilation) ?
Inhalation ⬆️ O2
Exhalation ⬆️ CO2
Respiratory Acidosis (hypoventilation)
⬇️ O2
⬆️ CO2
Disorders in respiratory acidosis
COPD
Late stage asthma
Koch disease (tuberculosis)
COVID-19
ARDS (irreversible)
Metabolic alkalosis removal of Acid
NGT Suctioning
Vomiting
Metabolic Alkalosis examples
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Bulimia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa
Pyloric Stenosis
Excessive Vomiting ➡️ ❓➡️❓➡️ ❓
⬇️
⬆️Na
⬇️ K
⬇️
❓
Excessive Vomiting will decrease the H2O in the body ➡️ the decrease in H20 will lead to dehydration ➡️ left untreated will lead to shock ✌🏼(hypo, tachy, tachy, narrowing of BV)
The decrease in H2O will increase the Sodium hence the decrease in potassium ➡️ Hypokalemia
Metabolic Acidosis disorders
Diarrhea
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
HHnK
Metabolic Acidosis pathophysiology
Severe DHN
⬇️
Increased acidity Pain
in blood Lactic acid
⬇️ ⬆️ Anaerobic Metabolism
Hemolysis ————➡️ ⬇️O2
⬇️ Hypoxia
Metabolic Acidosis
