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BDS1 Respiratory System > Respiratory Mechanics > Flashcards

Respiratory Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 meanings of respiration?

A
  • Tissue respiration

- Breathing

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2
Q

What is tissue respiration?

A

The aerobic metabolism in cells

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3
Q

What is meant by the word breathing?

A

Gas exchange and the associated processes

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4
Q

What is meant by the term ‘respiratory mechanics’?

A
  • Study of mechanical properties of the lung and chest wall

- Process by which air enters and leaves the lungs

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5
Q

What is the job of the lungs in relation to gas exchange?

A
  • To bring in fresh air rich in the oxygen needed to fuel the body
    AND
  • To expel the waste gas produced from cells in the body

*The movement of air in and out of the lungs, must therefore, be coupled to cellular respiration (as metabolic demands of the body increased - need to increase rate of breathing)

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6
Q

Why is respiratory mechanics important in relation to the state of the lung?

A
  • Need to understand how the lung works normally and in a diseased state
  • Almost all lung diseases affect the mechanical properties of the lung
  • Death from lung disease is usually due to inability to overcome changes in the lung or chest mechanics
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7
Q

What is meant by ‘breathing maintains blood gas homeostasis’?

A

Breathing maintains normal levels of oxygen and CO2 do maintains the pH of the blood

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8
Q

At rest what is the partial pressure of CO2 and O2?

A 
PO2 = 100+/- 2mmHg 
PCO2 = 40+/- 2mmHg
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9
Q

At rest what are the rates of exchange of O2 and CO2?

A
  • Around 250ml of O2/min
  • Around 200ml of CO2/min

*breathing is highly stable and highly regulated

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10
Q

When walking (at 3mph) what are the rates of exchange of O2 and CO2?

A
  • Around 800ml of O2/min
  • Around 750ml of CO2/min

*Breathing regulation is continuous

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11
Q

When enduring severe exercise what are the rates of exchange of O2 and CO2?

A
  • Around 5000ml of O2/min
  • Around 6000ml of CO2/min

*Body has a huge reserve that can increase from rest to severe exercise

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Filter, warm and humidify air; detect smells
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13
Q

What are the primary functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Conducts air to the larynx; a chamber shared with the digestive tract
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14
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx?

A
  • Protects the opening of the trachea and contains vocal cords
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15
Q

What are the primary functions of the trachea?

A
  • Filters air, traps particles in mucous; cartilages keep airways open
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16
Q

What are the primary functions of bronchi?

A
  • Filters air, traps particles in mucous; cartilages keep airway open
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17
Q

What are the primary functions of the lungs?

A

Responsible for air movement through volume changes during movements of ribs and diaphragm; includes airways and alveoli

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18
Q

What are the primary functions of the alveoli?

A
  • Act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood
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19
Q

What are the major functions of the upper airways?

A
  • The upper airways conduct air to lungs
  • Major functions:
  • Humidify (saturate with water)
  • Warm (to body temp)
  • Filter (that are larger than 10 microns in size)
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20
Q

What type of epithelium are the upper airways to bronchioles lined by?

A
  • Pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
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21
Q

What is meant by the term ‘ventilation’?

A

Movement of air into the lungs

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22
Q

What is the ventilation of the lungs at rest?

A
  • Around 6 litres/min

- Around 12 breaths of 500ml

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23
Q

What is the maximum ventilation of the lungs?

A
  • 160 litres/min

- Around 40 breaths of 4L

24
Q

What is the cardiac output at rest?

A
  • 5L/min

- 70 bpm, 70ml/beat

25
Q

What is the maximum cardiac output?

A
  • 25L/min

- 200bpm, 125ml/beat

26
Q

What are the processes of inspiration and expiration in quiet breathing?

A
  • Inspiration: ACTIVE
  • Diaphragm contracts downwards pushing abdominal contents outwards
  • External intercostals pull ribs outwards and upwards
  • Expiration: PASSIVE
  • Elastic recoil so diaphragm relaxes and chest volume decreases
27
Q

What are the processes of inspiration and expiration during strenuous breathing?

A
  • Inspiration: ACTIVE
  • Greater contraction of diaphragm (1cm in quiet breathing and up to 10cm during strenuous breathing) and external intercostals
  • Inspiratory accessory muscles active e.g. sternocleidomastoid, alae nasi, genioglossus
  • Expiration: ACTIVE
  • Contraction of abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique and transverse abdominus)
  • Internal intercostal muscles oppose external intercostals by pushing ribs down and inwards
28
Q

What does the alae nasi muscle do?

A

Causes nostrils to flare

29
Q

What does the genioglossus muscle do?

A

Moves tongue away from back of mouth

30
Q

What is the major inspiratory muscle?

A

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped skeletal muscle

31
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenus
  • Parasternal intercartilagenous muscles
  • External intercostals
  • Diaphragm
32
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Rectus abdominus
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
33
Q

How are pressure and volume related?

A

Pressure and volume are inversely related

34
Q

In terms of pressure where does air move?

A

From regions of high pressure to low pressure

35
Q

Does the barometric/atmospheric pressure change when breathing?

A

No, so important that the lungs change their pressure

36
Q

What does the pleural cavity always have in respect to interpulmonary pressure unless there has been a trauma?

A

A negative pressure

37
Q

What is Ppl?

A

Pleural pressure

38
Q

What is Pel?

A

Elastic recoil pressure

39
Q

What is Pa?

A

Alveolar pressure

40
Q

What is Pl?

A

Trans-pulmonary pressure

  • The difference between alveolar pressure and plural pressure
  • Need positive pressure for lung to expand
41
Q

At the beginning of inspiration what does Pa equal and why?

A

Pa=0 because there is no flow

42
Q

What is the Ppl when muscles contract?

A

Negative

43
Q

What happens to the pressure changes when muscles contract?

A
  • Ppl is negative
  • Pa is less than 0
  • glottis opens and air moves into the lungs (from higher to lower pressure)
44
Q

When does the flow of air into the lungs stop in terms of changes in pressure?

A

When atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure are equal. the glottis closes

45
Q

Why is low level breathing in healthy lungs very efficient?

A
  • There is small muscle effort

- 1ml of O2 for each litre of air breathed, 2% of resting energy expenditure

46
Q

Why is higher intensity breathing less efficient?

A
  • Gas flow is more turbulent (moves more rapidly). It uses more muscles
  • The accessory muscles can fatigue easily to limit exercise
  • Respiratory muscle fatigue is a factor in development of respiratory failure
47
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air in the lung at the end of expiration during quiet breathing
- At FRC the forces of elastic recoil and outward recoil are opposite and equal and muscles are relaxed

48
Q

What does elastic recoil of the lung act to decrease?

A

Lung volume

49
Q

What does outward recoil of the chest wall act to increase?

A

Lung volume

50
Q

When chest wall muscles are weak, what happens to functional residual capacity?

A

It decreases - lung elastic recoil is greater so further collapsing of the lungs and more air is exhaled

51
Q

What is the total capacity of lungs for air in healthy men and women?

A

Men - 6L

Women 4.2L

52
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The air left in the lungs after breathing out

53
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The volume when a person breaths in to the max then breaths out to the max

54
Q

What is used to measure lung volume?

A

Vitalograph/spirogram

- They display volume of gas exhaled against time

55
Q

In a healthy individual what should the FEV1/FVC ratio be?

A

> 70%
- In other words 70% of lung volume should be expired in a second
(take a big inspiration then exhale as fast as possible)

56
Q

In patients with obstructive lung disease e.g. emphysema, asthma what should the FEV1/FVC ratio be?

A

<70% - less than 70% of lung volume expired in 1 second

57
Q

In patients with restrictive lung disease e.g. fibrosis, neuromuscular disease what should the FEV1/FVC ratio be?

A

Greater than a healthy individual

BDS1 Respiratory System (8 decks)

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