Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1B Cardiorespiratory > Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate DALY?

A

sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lost to disability (YLD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the signs of an upper respiratory tract infection?

A

cough

sneezing

runny or stuffy nose

sore throat

headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the signs of a lower respiratory tract infection

A

productive cough-phlegm

muscle aches

wheezing

breathlessness

fever

fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the signs of pneumonia?

A

chest pain

blue tinting of the lips

severe fatigue

high fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the bacterial causative agents of respiratory infections?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae-most common
  • Myxoplasma pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus Influenzae
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis- highest annual mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the viral causative agents of respiratory infections?

A
  • Influenza A or B virus
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • Human metapneumovirus
  • Human rhinovirus- most commonly identified pathogen in individual with respiratory illness
  • Coronavirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the demographic and lifestyle factors increasing risk for pneumonia?

A

age <2 or >65 years

cigarette smoking

excess alcohol consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the social factors for increased risk pneumonia?

A

contact with children <5

poverty

overcrouding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the medications that increase the risk of pneumonia?

A

inhaled corticosteroids

immunosuppressants

PPIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what medical history can increase risk for pneumonia?

A

COPD, asthma

heart disease

liver disease

diabetes mellitus

HIV, malignancy, hyposplenism

complement or Ig deficiencies

risk factors for aspiration

previous pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what specific risk factors can increase risk for certain pathogens?

A

geographical variations

animal contact

healthcare contacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

by what overall groups can bacterial infections be acquired?

A

community-acquired pneumonia

hospital-acquired pneumonia

ventilator acquired pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the features of a common/ typical bacteria?

A

gram +ve

extracellular

opportunistic

(easier to culture and identify)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some examples of typical bacteria?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Moraxella catarrhalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the features of atypical bacteria?

A

slower growing

intracellular or extracellular

gram +ve or gram -ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some examples of CAP?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (40-50%)
  • Myxoplasma pneumoniae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus Influenzae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some examples of hospital acquired pneumonia?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Psuedomonas aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella species
  • E. Coli
  • Acinetobacter spp.
  • Enterobacter spp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is HAP harder to treat?

A

usually more drug resistance so require higher number of antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some examples of VAP?

A
  • Psuedomonas aeruginosa (25%)
  • Staphylococcus aureus(20%)
  • Enterobacter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some examples of atypical bacteria?

A

myxoplasma pneumonia

chlamydia pneumonia

legionella pneumophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the mechanisms of actions of acute bacterial pneumonia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the overall treatments for bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. supportive treatment
  2. antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what supportive treatment is given in bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. Oxygen (hypoxia)
  2. Fluids (dehydration)
  3. Analgesia (pain)
  4. Nebulised saline (may help expectoration)
  5. Chest physiotherapy?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what antibiotics are given in bacterial pneumonia?

A

penicillins (amoxicillin)

macrolides (clarithromycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do penicillins work?

A
  1. Beta-lactams that bind proteins in the bacterial cell wall to prevent transpeptidation
  2. Only effective against gram +ve bacteria (usually typical bacteria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do macrolides work?

A

Bind to bacterial ribosome to prevent protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what determines what drug is given for bacterial pneumonia?

A

CURB-65 score (score of severity of pneumonia)

CAP or HAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what antibiotic is given in CAP/HAP?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is key to increasing the success of antibiotics?

A
  • Time to administration (for every hour in septic shock- survival reduced by 7.9%)
  • Using an effective antibiotics- typical CAPS may respond to penicillin’s, atypical CAPs require macrolides
30
Q

how do sulphonamides work?

A

inhibit folate synthesis

31
Q

what is a microbiota?

A

ecological community of microbes found inside multi-cellular organism

present in healthy individuals

in oropharynx

  • Haemophilus influenza
  • Staph. Aureus
  • Strep. Pneumoniae – rarely caught

In nose

  • Strep. Pneumoniae
32
Q

what is commensural bacteria?

A

microbes that live in a ‘symbiotic’ relationship with their host. Providing vital nutrients to the hose in the presence of a suitable ecological niche

33
Q

what is an oppourtunistic pathogen?

A

microbe that takes advantage of a change in condition (often immuno-suppression)

34
Q

what is a pathobiont?

A

a microbe that is normal commensal but if found in the wrong environment (e.g anatomical site) can cause disease

35
Q

what are the risk factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

HIV

Alcohol

smoking

geographical and socioeconomic status

36
Q

how does TB cause disease?

A
37
Q

what is the treatment for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A
  • Latent is highly resistant to immune system
  • Standard treatment requires a combination of 4 antibiotics for a 6-month period
  • Multidrug resistant TB (commonly rifampicin) increasing
38
Q

what antibiotics are used for mycobacterium tuberculosis and where do they act?

A
  • isoniazad
  • ethambutol
  • pyrazinamide
  • rifampin
39
Q

can you have a commensal respiratory virus?

A

NO

40
Q

how are viral infections differentiated

A

by serotypes

virus which cannot be recognised by serum (antibodies) that recognise another- implication for protective immunity

distinguished by common antigens

41
Q

what is the most common viral infection?

A

rhinovirus

42
Q

what are the effects of viral infection on the body?

A
43
Q

what receptors does rhinovirus bind to?

A

ICAM-1

minor group low density lipoproteins

44
Q

what does H1N1 influenza A bind to?

A

haemogglutinin binds alpha2, 6 sialic acids largely in upper respiratory tract

45
Q

what does H5N1 avian flu bind to?

A

haemogglutinin binds alpa2, 3 sialic acids in lower respiratory tract

46
Q

what does respiratory syncytial virus bind to?

A

F and G proteins bind glycosaminoglycans in receptors like IGFR1 and nucleolin

throughout all respiratory tract

47
Q

what does SARS-CoV-2 bind to?

A

Spike (S) protein binds ACE2

largely in nasal epithelium and type 2 pneumocytes in lungs

48
Q

why are smokers more affected by SARS-CoV-2?

A

increased expression of S protein in nasal epithelium and type 2 pneumocytes

49
Q

what are the factors of influenza?

A

no-reinfection by same strain

imperfect vaccines

50
Q

what are imperfect vaccines in influenza?

A

vaccine-induced immunity rapidly wanes

mainly homotypic immunity

annual vaccination required

51
Q

can RSV-2 serotypes (A and B) cause re-infection?

A

yes

recurrent re-infection with similar strains

52
Q

what is the vaccine status for RSV-2?

A

no vaccine

poor immunogenicity

vaccine-enhanced disease

53
Q

what disease can RSV cause in infants?

A

bronchiolitis

(leading cause of infant hospitalisation in developed world)

54
Q

what proportion of patients get RSV?

A

all children infected by age of 3

50% by age of 1

55
Q

what are the risk factors for bronchiolitis?

A

premature birth

congenital heart and lung disease

56
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of bronchiolotis?

A
  • Nasal flaring
  • Chest wall retraction
  • Hypoxaemia and cyanosis
  • Croupy cough
  • Expiratory wheezing, prolonged expiration, rales and rhonchi
  • Tachypnea with apenic episodes
57
Q

what is the risk of RSV in older generation?

A

also high risk in older individuals

similar deaths to that of flu

58
Q

what is the age dependant trends of RSV?

A
  • age dependence of RSV
    • young children
      • infantile bronchiolitis
      • causally related to wheeze
      • older siblings are spreaders
    • caring adults
      • repeated colds
      • transmitters
      • very rarely severe
    • old and infirm
      • major cause of progressive lung disease and winter deaths
59
Q

what viruses are similar to RSV at lower prevalence?

A

hMPV

PIV

60
Q

what are the treatment options for RSV?

A
  • support- oxygen
  • preventative and therapeutic- no vaccines
  • prophylactically- monoclonal antibodies and antivirals
61
Q

what is the difference between influenza and RSV?

A
  • flu
    • has a greater viral load= faster replication
    • pre-selected for seronegative- levels require no previous infection
  • RSV
    • Antibodies diminish rapidly after infection so not pre-selected for seronegativity- previous infection NOT limiting (also seen in coronaviruses)
    • Slower viral load- slower replication
62
Q

what is the interplay between viral and bacterial infections?

A

coinfections and superinfections common

  • Virus may lay ground word and then death caused by a bacterial infection
  • There is also an interplay with chronic lung disease- higher viral bacterial load with lung diseases
63
Q

what factors can cause severe disease?

A
  1. Highly pathogenic strains (zoonotic)
  2. Absence of prior immunity
    1. Innate immunodeficiency (gene variant IFITM3)
    2. B cells (antibody-presumably local)
    3. T cells (correlate with peripheral levels)
  3. Predisposing illness/ conditions
    1. Frail elderly
    2. COPD/ asthma
    3. Diabetes, obesity, pregnancy etc
64
Q

what is a zoonotic diesase?

A

disease passed from a non-human animal to human

65
Q

how do interferons (IFN) work in host defence?

A
  • Directly produced by infected cells or immune cells
  • Named for ability to interfere with viral infection in vitro
  • Family of cytokines
  • Produce interferon stimulated genes that have the ability to directly inhibit viral replication
  • 3 groups
    • Type 1 (IFN alpha/ IFN betas)
    • Type 2 (IFN-gamma)
    • Type 3 (IFN- lambda)
66
Q

what is long term immunity provided by?

A

B-cells

67
Q

why did the H1N1 pandemic affect the young generation?

A

pre-existing immunity limited disease in over 60s

68
Q

what is the first immune cell recruited in host defence?

A

neutrophile

69
Q

what immune response is generated in prolonged pneumonia?

A

adaptive immune response

macrophage, T cell, monocyte

70
Q
A

1B Cardiorespiratory (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions