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1B Cardiorespiratory > Electrocardiography > Flashcards

Electrocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

what is ECG useful in diagnosing?

A
  1. Conduction abnormalities
  2. Structural abnormalities
  3. Perfusion abnormalities
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2
Q

what are the benefits of an ECG?

A
  • Relatively cheap and easy to undertake
  • Reproducible between people and centres
  • Quick turn around on results/report
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3
Q

what is a vector?

A
  • Quantity that has both magnitude and direction
  • Represented by arrow in net direction of movement, where size represents magnitude
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4
Q

what are the different elements of an ECG?

A
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5
Q

draw a normal cardic cycle on an ECG and the changes in pressure in aorta, atrium and ventricle throughout.

A
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6
Q

what are the different aspects of the heart involved in the cardiac cycle?

A
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7
Q

where do the electrodes go on an ECG?

A
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8
Q

what aspect do each lead view on the heart

A
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9
Q

on an ECG which section corresponds to which view of the heart?

A
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10
Q

what are the different cardiac vectors?

A
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11
Q

what time does each square represent on an ECG?

A
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12
Q

which artery is measured in each section of an ECG?

A

lateral =Left circumflex artery

inferior and anterior= right coronary artery

septal= left anterior descending artery

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13
Q

how do you calculate the different intervals in an ECG:

A
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14
Q

what is a normal R-R interval?

A

0.6-1.2s

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15
Q

what is a normal p wave?

A

80ms

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16
Q

what is a normal P-R interval?

A

120-200ms

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17
Q

what is a normal QRS duration?

A

<120ms

18
Q

what is a normal QT interval?

A

<420ms

19
Q

what is a normal T wave duration?

A

160ms

20
Q

what is a normal heart rate?

A

60-100bpm

21
Q

what information is required to calculate a QRS axis?

A

requires an augmented lead perpendicular to it

22
Q

what is an augmented lead?

A

uses one fixed lead and one which is half the distance between another

23
Q

what should a normal cardiac axis be between?

A

-30 and +90

24
Q

how do you calculate the cardiac axis?

A

cardiac axis is reported relative to 0 degrees

so if using lead II which is at 60 deg then subtract answer from 60 deg

25
Q

what is the sinus rhythm generated by?

A

sinoatrial node

26
Q

how do you calculate heart rate?

A

300/ number of big squares S-S

27
Q

what is this rhythm and features?

A

Sinus Rhythm:

  • Each p-wave is followed by QRS wave (1:1)
  • Rate is regular (even R-R intervals) and normal
28
Q

what is this rhythm and its features?

A

Sinus Bradycardia:

  • Each p-wave followed by QRS wave (1:1)
  • Rate regular (even R-R intervals) and SLOW

Can be healthy (caused by medication or vagal stimulation)

29
Q

what is this rhythm and its features?

A

Sinus tachycardia:

  • Each p-wave followed by QRS wave (1:1)
  • Rate is regular and FAST
  • Often physiological response i.e. secondary (medication, excitation)
30
Q

what is this rhythm and its features?

A

Sinus arrhythmia:

  • Each p-wave followed by QRS wave
  • Rate IRREGULAR and normal-ish
  • R-R interval varies within breathing cycle
31
Q

what is this rhythm and its features?

A

Atrial fibrillation:

  • Oscillating baseline- atria contracting asynchronously
  • Rhythm can be IRREGULAR and may be SLOW
  • Turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk
  • Atria not essential for cardiac cycle
32
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Atrial Flutter:

  • Regular saw-toothed pattern in baseline (II, III and aVF)
  • Atrial to ventricular beats at 2:1 ratio, 3:1 ratio or higher
  • Saw toothed not always visible in all leads
33
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

First degree heart block:

  • Prolonged PR segment/ interval caused by slower AV conduction
  • Regular rhythm (1:1 ratio P-wave to QRS)
  • Most benign heart block but progressive disease or aging)
34
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Second degree Heart Block: (Mobitz I)

  • Gradual prolongation of the PR interval until a beat skipped
  • Most P-waves followed by QRS but some p-waves are not
  • Regularly irregular, caused by diseased AV node
  • Also called Wencheback
35
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Second degree heart block (Mobitz II)

  • P-waves regular, but only some followed by QRS
  • No P-R prolongation
  • Regularly irregular ratio successes to failures or random
  • Can rapidly deteriorate into 3rd degree heart block
  • Usually dropped in bundle of His or bundle branches
36
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Third degree (complete) heart block)

  • P-waves regular, QRS regular but independent of each other
  • P-waves can be hidden within bigger vectors
  • Non-sinus rhythm
  • Pumping pf ventricles being determined by ventricles themselves rather than AV node
37
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Ventricular tachycardia:

  • P-waves hidden- dissociated atrial rhythm
  • Rate regular and fast
  • High risk deteriorating into fibrillation (cardiac arrest)
  • Shockable rhythm (defibrillators widely available)
38
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

Ventricular fibrillation:

  • Heart rate irregular and 250bpm or above
  • Heart unable to generate an output
  • Shockable rhythm
39
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

ST elevation:

  • P-waves visible and always followed by QRS
  • Rhythm is regular and rate is normal (85bpm)
  • ST segment is elevated >2mm above isoelectric line
  • Caused by infarction (tissue death caused by hypoperfusion)
40
Q

what is this wave and its features?

A

ST depression:

  • P waves visible and always followed by QRS
  • Rhythm regular and rate normal (95bpm)
  • ST segment is depressed >2mm below isoelectric line
  • Caused by myocardial ischemia (coronary insufficiency)
41
Q
A
42
Q
A

1B Cardiorespiratory (15 decks)

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