Respiratory (history)

Question 1

what are the most common symptoms that are related with respiratory problems?

Answer 1

• Cough & Sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Dyspnea
• Chest Pain
• Wheezing
• Associated symptoms

Question 2

what is a cough?

Answer 2

reflex response that irritates receptors in the resp. tract that is used to protect the lungs from injury or infection

(you cough as a reflex to prevent something from entering the lungs)

Question 3

what kind of stimuli can elicit the cough reflex?

Answer 3

mechanical - foreign body, pus, mucus, blood

inflammation in resp mucosa

chemical - aspiration of food

thermal

Question 4

what is considered an acute cough?

what causes an acute cough?

Answer 4

cough that lasts less than 3 weeks

• common cold
• acute bronchitis
• pertusis
• pneumonia
• left heart failure
• asthma
• foreign body

Question 5

what nerve is needed to cough?

Answer 5

glossopharengeal for afferent

vagus to innervate the muscles

Question 6

what is considered an chronic cough?

what causes an chronic cough?

Answer 6

cough lasting more than 8 weeks

1. COPD
2. GE reflux
3. chronic bronchitis
4. bronchiectasis
5. post-nasal drip
6. ACE inhibitors
7. bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 7

what is considered an subacute cough?

what causes an subacute cough?

Answer 7

cough lasting form 3-8 weeks

1. post-infectious cough
2. asthma
3. bacterial sinusitis

Question 8

what is considered a nocturnal cough?

what can cause it?

Answer 8

cough only at night

1. asthma
2. heart Failure
3. GERD

Question 9

what are the 2 types of cough?

Answer 9

productive

unproductive (dry)

Question 10

what is unproductive cough?

in what conditions can you see this type of cough?

Answer 10

without secretions

• Mycoplasmal pneumonia
• ACE inhibitor use

Question 11

what is a productive cough?

where do you see it?

Answer 11

sputum or phlegm is found

• bronchitis
• bacterial pneumonia

Question 12

what are the types of sputum?

Answer 12

1. mucoid
2. purulent
3. foul smelling or putrid
4. rusty
5. frothy

Question 13

mucoid sputum is found in what conditions?

how does it look?

Answer 13

asthma

translucent, white or grey

Question 14

how does a purulent sputum look?

in what conditions do you see it?

Answer 14

yellowish or greenish

bacterial bronchitis or pneumonia

Question 15

in what conditions can have putrid sputum?

Answer 15

• bronchiectasis
• lung abscess
• necrotizing pneumonia

Question 16

what is another name for rusty sputum?

in what conditions do you see it?

how does it look?

Answer 16

prune-juice sputum

pneumococcal or strep. pneumonie

sputum with blood

Question 17

how does a frothy sputum look?

this is characteristic of what condition?

Answer 17

thin secretion with air bubbles

pulmonary edema

Question 18

what investigations can you do for the resp. system?

Answer 18

• history and physical exam
• chest radiography
• pulmonary function test
• sputum
• bronchoscopy
• high resolution CT

Question 19

in a chest radiography, what do you look for?

Answer 19

mass lesion

parenchymal opacification

interstitial disease

honey combing

lymphadenopathy

Question 20

when doing a pulmonary function test, what do you look for?

Answer 20

if there is obstructive or restrictive function

methacoline challenge

Question 21

when testing the sputum, what do you look for?

Answer 21

gross and microscopic exam and culture stain

Question 22

what is hemoptysis?

how does hemoptysis vary?

Answer 22

coughing blood from lower resp, tract

can be blood-streaked sputum or frank blood

Question 23

what is a good indicator of asthma?

Answer 23

person starts coughing fhwne there are changes in temperature, (baby coughs while sleeping in Air conditioning, you open windown, temp changes, baby stops coughing and once the temp settles, starts coughing again)

Question 24

in a patient with hemoptysis, what do you want to assess?

Answer 24

amount of blood coughed

associated symptoms

Question 25

what is considered a massive hemptysis?

Answer 25

more than 600 ml/day of blood

Question 26

vomited blood is usually from where?

Answer 26

stomach (GI tract)

Question 27

what factors help in getting a differential diagnosis for hemoptysis?

Answer 27

• amount
• duration of bleeding
• age
• smoking history
• associated findings

Question 28

hemoptysis is based on the source of bleeding

what are sources of bleeding that lead to hemoptysis?

Answer 28

tracheobronchial tree

lung parenchyma

pulmonary vasculature

Question 29

what conditions in the tracheobronchial tree can lead to hemoptysis?

Answer 29

bronchitis

bronchiectasis

broncogenic carcinoma

Question 31

what conditions in the lung parenchyma can lead to hemoptysis?

Answer 31

pneumonia

cavitatory tuberculosis