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Patho II Exam 1 > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting Airway
- what is its purpose
- what are the structures associated

A

purpose: functions to warm, filter and humidify the air taken in

structures:
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles (conducting and terminal)
** ends at the terminal bronchiole**

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2
Q

Structures within the Nasal Cavity

A

Vestibule
Respiratory Region
Olfactory Region

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3
Q

Vestibule -part of the conducting portion
- purpose
- histology

A

purpose: communicate with the external environment; contains hairs which act as coarse filters as the air is taken in

histology:
continuous with the skin
therefore –> epidermis is the cell layer
epidermis: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles within the epidermis

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4
Q

Respiratory Region -nasal cavity (part of the conducting pathway)

Structure

A

structure: medial wall = nasal septum
lateral wall = made up of the inferior, middle and superior turbinates

** turbinates are coiled boney projections lined in mucosa**

floor = smooth and sits on the hard palate anterior to the maxilla

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5
Q

Respiratory Region of the nasal cavity

Histology

A

respiratory epithelium
- CILATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
-GOBLET CELLS: secrete mucus
- basal cells too

** terbinates, septum and floor all contain respiratory epithelium**

  • lamina propria contains seromucous glands –> vessels which drain to the surface to warm the air
    -terbinates have bone at central core
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6
Q

Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity – structure

A

majority of the roof of the nasal cavity

  • includes…
    part of the superior nasal septum
    superior portion of the superior
    turbinate
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7
Q

Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity – histology

A

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM –> contains 3 types of cells
1. basal cells
2. ciliated columnar supporting cells
olfactory neural cells

**NO GOBLET CELLS IN OLFACTORY **

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8
Q

Nasopharynx/Oropharynx
(of the conducting airway)

Structure

A

connect the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx/esophagus

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9
Q

Nasopharynx/Oropharynx
(of the conducting airway)

Histology

A

Nasopharynx: stratified squamous AND respiratory epithelium

– so the squamous shape, stratified (multiple layers)
– and the respiratory –> which was ciliated, pseudostratified and columnar in shape AND CONTAINS GOBLET CELLS (MUCOUS!!)

Oropharynx: stratified squamous epithelium ONLY

** both contain lymphoid stoma –> area of HIGH AMOUNTS of lymphocytes***

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10
Q

Larynx (of the conducting airway)

Structure & function

A

structure
-cartilage framework with ligaments to attach to each

function
- phonation (speaking)
-prevent aspiration

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11
Q

specific structures of the larynx & their function

A
  • Supraglottis (protection)
    1. epiglottis (protective flap)
    2. false vocal cords
    3. ventricles (the space between
      false and true cords)
  • Glottis (phonation)
    1. true vocal cords –> sound
  • Subglottis
    from the glottis to the cricoid cartilage
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12
Q

Larynx (condcuting airway)

histology

A
  1. false vocal cords –> respiratory OR squamous epithelium
  2. ventricle –> respiratory epithelium only
  3. true vocal cords –> stratified squamous epithelium
  • mucoserous glands throughout all three areas to supply mucous
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13
Q

Trachea (conducting airway)

Structure & Histology

A

structure:
- 25 cm in length
- c-shaped cartilaginous rings in the anterior (hyaline cartilage)
- branches at the carina into primary bronchi

histology:
- lined with respiratory epithelium (goblet cells !!)

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14
Q

outline the pathway of the trachobronchial tree (all still part of the conducting pathway)

A

trachea
primary bronchi (mainstem)
secondary bronchi (lobar)
tertiary bronchi (segmental)
conducting bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

histology of the bronchi

(primary - mainstem, secondary -lobar, tertiary-segmental)

A

respiratory epithelium
- contains cilated, psuedostratified, columnar cells
- contains goblet cells
- contains basal cells

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16
Q

histology of the bronchioles

(conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles)

A

bronchiolar epithelium
- cilated, psuedostratified, columnar cells
- clara cells (club cells): responsible for secreting PROTEINS that protect the bronchiole lining AND act as stem cells to produce new damanged epithelial cells

** NO GOBLET**

17
Q

primary function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

gas exchange

(where are in comparison, the conducting airway was responsible for filtering and warming the air)

18
Q

components of the respiratory portion of the tract

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveolar sac (the termination of a duct)

19
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole (RB) and Alveolar Duct (AD)

function and histology

A

Respiratory bronchiole (RB)

function: gas exchange AND conduction
histology:
- simple, cuboidal epithelium
-clara cells still present (protein protection of the bronchioles)
-sometimes rare ciliated cells

** simple = single layer of cells**

Alveolar Duct (AD)

function: connection between the RB and the alveolar sac
histology:
-simple, cuboidal epithelium
- NO clara or ciliated cells

20
Q

Alveolar Sac

structure and function

A

-a collection of individual alveolus (multiple = alveoli)
- each alveolus is wrapped in capillary network
- alveolar wall made of elastic fibers for stretch and recoil

  • responsible for gas exchange with the capillary surrounding
21
Q

histology of the alveoli

A

3 cell types present
1. Type 1 pneumocyte: squamous cell

  • responsible for gas exchange
    ** squamous = thin = good for gas exchange!!**
  1. Type 2 pneumocyte: cuboidal cell
  • responsible for producing surfactant (decrease surface tension– prevents collapse alveoli)
  1. alveolar macrophage: a macrophage
  • scavenges for invaders

** alveolar macrophages can be pigmented –> such as with tar in smokers or hemosiderin in pulmonary hemorrhage( trying to eat up and breakdown the blood**

22
Q

what is alpha-1- antitrypsin

A
  • an enzyme produced by the liver
  • responsible for protection tissue from the breakdown process of neutrophil elastase during inflammation

in inflammation –> neutrophil elastase breakdown forgein objects – but sometimes breakdown own body –> A1A’s are released to help combat that breakdown in the lung tissue

23
Q

what happens in A1A deficiency

A
  • the body produces A1A–> but its mutated
  • the mutated A1A cannot leave the liver
  • therefore it cannot help to protect in the respiratory tract tissue , results in damange
24
Q

how is A1A related to emphysema

A
  • A1A can cause a specific type of emphysema –> panacinar emphysema
  • this is when the permanent enlargement of the air spaces occurs first at the DISTAL structures –> alveolus and alveolar ducts then later to the bronchioles
25
Q

what is normal emphysema

A
  • perminent enlargement of the air spaces past the terminal bronchioles, destroying the walls without fibrosis
  • centriacinar emphysema –> when the more proximal parts of the acunus (respiratory bronchioles) are damanged before the alveoli are

emyphsema results in enlarged air spaces within the alveoli –> becuase the alveolar walls are destroyed –> leading to decreased gas exchange because decreased SA

26
Q

clinical information about A1A deficiency

A
  • onset between 20-50
    -SOB with activity
  • unable to exercise
    -wheezing
  • 15% develop cirrhosis (because buildup of A1A in the liver leads to damage as it cant leave)
  • increase HCC risk

dx. with an A1A blood test to see in those without obvious symptoms

Patho II Exam 1 (4 decks)

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