Respiratory Gases and Necessity for Breathing

Question 1

what are the two respiratory gases associated with cellular metabolism?

Answer 1

O₂

CO₂

Question 2

CO₂ reacts with H₂O to produce

Answer 2

carbonic acid

Question 3

accumulation of CO₂ casues increased

Answer 3

acidity

Question 4

what is the process called of oxidation of fuels to generate ATP and heat

Answer 4

cellular respiration

Question 5

_____ transport is via pulmonary venous return to the left heart and cardiac output from the left heart to the tissues

Answer 5

oxygen

Question 6

______ transport is via systemic venous return to the right heart and cardiac output from the right heart to the lungs

Answer 6

carbon dioxide

Question 7

the quantity of the respiratory gases within the blood are expressed in terms of both ____ and ____

Answer 7

content

partial pressure

Question 8

the concentration (quantity per volume) of respiratory gases within the blood (volume %)

Answer 8

content

Question 9

reflective of the quantity of O₂ or CO₂ dissolved within plasma expressed as either mm Hg or cm H₂O (units of pressure)

Answer 9

partial pressure

Question 10

P_O2

Answer 10

partial pressure of oxygen

Question 11

P_CO2

Answer 11

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 12

the dissolved concentration is dependent upon the partial pressure, in conjunction with the solubility of the gas within the liquid (solubility is a physical constant)

Answer 12

henry’s law

Question 13

Answer 13

Henry’s Law

Question 14

Cellular metabolism generates a continual tendency to

1. ____ O₂ from the surrounding interstitial fluid (___ the P_O2)
2. _____ CO₂ into the interstitial fluid (___ the P_CO2)

Answer 14

deplete O₂

Load CO₂

Question 15

P_O2 of the blood ___ P_O2 of the interstitial fluid

Answer 15

>

Question 16

P_CO2 of the interstitial fluid ___ P_CO2 of the blood

Answer 16

>

Question 17

the diffusion ___ results from the partial pressure of the dissolved molecules

Answer 17

diffusion force

Question 18

the diffusion ____ is the difference in partial pressure between blood entering the capillary and the interstitial fluid

Answer 18

diffusion gradient

Question 19

increased metabolism : _____ O₂ in venous blood

Answer 19

decreased

Question 20

what establishes the diffusion gradient that draws O₂ out of the blood

Answer 20

metabolic consumption of O₂

Question 21

what is the partial pressure of CO₂ in the blood from tissues

Answer 21

40mmHg

Question 22

what establishes the diffusion gradient that drives CO₂ into the blood

Answer 22

metabolic production of CO₂

Question 23

increased metabolism: ____ CO₂ in venous blood

Answer 23

increased

Question 24

what establishes a dynamic disequilibrium (in terms of P_O2 and P_CO2) between the interstitial fluid and the systemic arterial blood flowing into the tissues

Answer 24

cellular metabolism

Question 25

(arterial blood -\> systemic capillaries) the O₂ content of the tissues is \_\_\_\_; O₂ diffuses from ____ into the \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

lower blood into the tissues

Question 26

(arterial blood -\> systemic cpaillaries) the CO₂ content of the tissues is \_\_\_\_\_; CO₂ diffuses from ___ into \_\_\_

Answer 26

greater; tissues into blood

Question 27

increased metabolism causes: \_\_\_\_\_\_ of O₂ from systemic arterial blood \_\_\_\_\_ of CO₂ into systemic venous blood

Answer 27

removal of a greater quantity of O₂ from systemic arterial blood addition of a greater quantity of CO₂ into systemic venous blood

Question 28

metabolism has ***_NO_*** change in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

systemic arterial blood

Question 29

metabolism has a direct affect with _______ of respiratory gases

Answer 29

systemic venous

Question 30

the P_CO2 of alveolar gas is \_\_\_

Answer 30

P_CO2; CO₂ diffuses from the blood into alveolar gas

Question 31

the P_O2 of alveolar gas is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

higher; O₂ diffuses from alveolar gas into the blood

Question 32

increased metabolism: alveolar gas __ P_O2, __ P_CO2

Answer 32

increased P_O2 decreased P_CO2

Question 33

\_\_\_\_ gas - provides a readily available reserve of molecular O₂ for distribution to the tissues - receives and holds for subsequent excretion excess CO₂ arising from tissue metabolism

Answer 33

alveolar

Question 34

what determins the P_O2 and P_CO2 of the systemic venous blood returning to the lungs

Answer 34

overall rate of metabolism

Question 35

what depends upon the magnitude of the diffusion gradients between blood perfusing the alveoli and the alveolar gas

Answer 35

rates of pulmonary diffusive exchange

Question 36

why must we breathe

Answer 36

- remove excess CO₂ generated by tissue metabolism that is loaded into the alveolar gas - replenish O₂ within the alveolar gas relative to the amount that is loaded into the blood for transport to the tissues of cellular metabolism

Question 37

metabolism rate controls ______ rate

Answer 37

breathing

Question 38

what serves as the most immediate *_reserve_* to buffer the interstitial respiratory gas levels

Answer 38

blood

Question 39

imediately accessible *_reserve_* of available O₂ for the tissues

Answer 39

systemic arterial blood

Question 40

absorbs (buffers) excess CO₂ from the tissues

Answer 40

systemic venous blood

Question 41

\_\_ is insoluble in the plasma, ___ is 20x more soluble in the plasma

Answer 41

O₂ insoluble CO₂ 20x soluble

Question 42

what is a single carries molecule for O₂

Answer 42

hemoglobin (Hb)

Question 43

CO₂ also binds to __ and ___ in the blood as carrier molecules

Answer 43

Hb HCO₃^-

Question 44

CO₂ dissolved in plasma is known as

Answer 44

carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion

Question 45

CO₂ bound to proteins in the blood

Answer 45

binds to amino groups on Hb binds to other plasma proteins

Question 46

the capability of Hb to bind CO₂ is dependent upon the P_O2

Answer 46

Haldane effect

Question 47

decreased P_O2: ___ capacity of Hb to carry CO₂

Answer 47

increased; deoxyhemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO₂

Question 48

increased P_O2: ____ capacity of Hb to carry CO₂

Answer 48

decreased; as O₂ bind to Hb, its affinity to bind CO₂ lessens

Question 49

CO₂ retention (increased P_CO2): ___ pH

Answer 49

decreasing pH

Question 50

CO₂ excretion (decreased P_CO2): ___ pH

Answer 50

increasing pH

Question 51

what largely determines the *_capacity_* to load O₂ into the blood

Answer 51

how much hemoglobin there is in the blood (Hb concentration)

Question 52

what expresses what percentage of the capacity provided by hemoglobin to bind O₂ is currently used up

Answer 52

Hb saturation

Question 53

the average P_O2 of blood leaving the lungs is

Answer 53

95mm Hg - Hb almost 100% saturated with O₂ - plateau region: O₂ Hb binding is relatively insenstive to small changes in the P_O2

Question 54

the average P_O2 of blood leaving the tissues is

Answer 54

40mm Hg; - Hb is still 70% saturated with O₂ - steep region: O₂ Hb binding is highly sensitive to small changes in the P_O2

Question 55

the likelihood of O₂ binding to hemoglobin is known as

Answer 55

affinity

Question 56

what causes a change in sensitivity of affinity of Hb for O₂ (graph)

Answer 56

carbon monoxide causes leftward shift: increased affinity increased metabolism causes rightward shift: reduced affinity

Question 57

how many molecules of hemoglobin are present within a unit of volume of blood - this represents the capacity to load CO₂ inot that unit volume (size of the container of O₂)

Answer 57

Hb concentration

Question 58

percent saturation with O_2, which measures *how much the capacity is utilized* (how full the container is with O₂)

Answer 58

affinity and P_O2

Question 59

- given Hb concentration and affinity- the O₂ content depends upon the ___ of the blood

Answer 59

P_O2

Question 60

- give P_O2 - the O₂ content depends upon the \_\_\_\_

Answer 60

Hb concentration

Question 61

increased Hb concentration: ___ O₂ content

Answer 61

increased

Question 62

changes in the Hb concentration will change the \_\_\_\_, but ***_will NOT_*** change the ____ or \_\_\_\_

Answer 62

will change - O₂ content will NOT change - percent saturation, nor P_O2 of the blood