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ILA > Respiratory failure > Flashcards

Respiratory failure Flashcards

1
Q

State volume:
Conducting dead space- anatomical:
Alveolar dead space:
Physiological dead space:

A

Conducting dead space- anatomical: 150ml
Alveolar dead space: 25ml
Physiological dead space: 175ml

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2
Q

What makes up physiological dead space?

A

Conducting dead space (anatomical)- 150ml
Alveolar dead space- 25ml

150+25= 175ml
Physiological dead space= 175ml

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3
Q

Where is greatest resistance to flow?

A

Segmental bronchi

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4
Q

State Poiseuilles Law?

A

Resistance = 8µl / πr4
Diameter doubles- resistance decreases 1/16
Diameter halved- resistance increases 16x

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5
Q

Which bronchus objects more likely get stuck? Why?

A

Right main bronchus
More vertical

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6
Q

Define type 1 respiratory failure?
State what can cause it?

A

Lung failure- gas exchange failure
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
Hypoxaemia
High altitude
Pneumonia

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7
Q

Define type 2 respiratory failure?
State what can cause it?

A

Resp system can’t remove CO2- pump failure
COPD
Ventilation failure- hypercapnia

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8
Q

What can COPD cause?

A

Type 2 respiratory failure

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9
Q

What can ventilation and perfusion mismatch and pneumonia cause?

A

Type 1 respiratory failure

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10
Q

What responds to irritants, noxious agents and interstitial fluid volume?

A

Juxtapulmonary receptors

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11
Q

List 3 things juxtapulmonary receptors will respond to?

A

1) Irritants
2) Noxious agents
3) Interstitial fluid volume?

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12
Q

What are 3 types pulmonary stretch receptors?
Explain

A

1) Slowly adapting- inhibit inspiration- smooth muscle respond stretch
2) Rapidly adapting- epithelial cells- respond change and irritates- bronchoconstriction
3) Juxtapulmonary receptors- respond irritants- bronchoconstriction

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13
Q

What are 2 layers of pleura on lungs?

A

Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer)

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14
Q

What is space called between visceral and parietla pleura?

A

Intrapleural cavity

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15
Q

Explain inspiration?

A

Respiratory muscles expand cavity
Create negative pressure in pleura cavity
Pulls visceral pleura- pulls lungs and decreases pressure
Air rush in lungs- equalise pressure- inspiration

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16
Q

In expiration does intrathoracic pressure increase or decrease?

A

Increase- force air out

17
Q

In inspiration does intrathoracic pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decrease due to visceral pleura pulling on lungs

18
Q

What is main driver to breathe?

A

CO2

19
Q

State 2 controls ventilation?

A

1) Central chemoreceptors- H+ from CO2 diffuse across BBB
2) Peripheral chemoreceptors- H+, PO2, PCO2

20
Q

Where do chemoreceptors fire nerves?
Where to?

A

Fire to pontine respiratory group
Apneustic- positive firing- respiratory intensity
Pneumotaxic- negative firing- time dependent

Signal to dorsal respiratory group- ventral respiratory group
Stimulate internal intercostals and accessory resp muscles

21
Q

What CN input breathing?

A

CN IX and X

22
Q

What has positive firing rate?
What has negative firing rate?

A

Positive- Apneustic
Negative- Pneumotaxic

23
Q

When will air move into lungs?

A

Atmospheric pressure greater than alveolar pressure

24
Q

State movement oxygen and CO2 in and out respiratory system?

A

1) Oxygen rich air from environment
2) Nasal cavities
3) Pharynx
4) Trachea
5) Bronchi
6) Bronchioles
7) Alveoli
8) O2 and C02 exchange at alveoli
9) Bronchioles
10) Bronchi
11) Trachea
12) Pharynx
13) Nasal cavities
14) CO2 rich air to environment

25
Q

What When you inhale, your diaphragm muscle contracts and moves downwards, and the intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards. This increases the volume of the lungs, which reduces the pressure inside and so air moves into the lungs to equalise it. Air that is rich in oxygen moves into the gas exchange system and then the body when you breathe in.

When you exhale, our diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves upwards, and the intercostal muscles relax and move downwards and inwards. This reduces the volume of the lungs, which forces air outwards. Air with more carbon dioxide is then removed when you breathe out.

A
26
Q

Explain process inhalation?

A

1) Diaphragm muscle contract- move downwards
2) Intercostal muscles contract- move ribs up and out
3) Increase volume lungs- reduce pressure inside
4) Air moves into lungs- equalise pressure

27
Q

Explain process exhalation?

A

1) Diaphragm muscle relax and move upwards
2) Intercostal muscles relax- move ribs down and inwards
3) Decrease volume lungs- increase pressure inside
5) Force air out

27
Q

Explain process exhalation?

A

1) Diaphragm muscle relax and move upwards
2) Intercostal muscles relax- move ribs down and inwards
3) Decrease volume lungs- increase pressure inside
5) Force air out

ILA (12 decks)

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