Respiratory evaluation notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define crackles

A

low-pitched, non-musical sounds

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2
Q

Define wheezes

A

high-pitched, musical sounds

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3
Q

What should you consider if you note expanded lung fields

A

COPD or better termed RAO

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4
Q

What should you consider if you note diminished lung borders

A

Pulmonary consolidation

pleural effusion

diaphragmatic hernia

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5
Q

what are 2 common abnormal lung sounds

A

crackles & wheezes

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6
Q

What should you consider with absent or radiating cardiac sounds

A

pleural effusion

lung consolidation

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7
Q

what is dullness on percussion usually associated with

A

fluid accumulation within the thorax or increased tissue density

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8
Q

what would you note with fluid accumulation within the thorax when percussing

A

a well demarcated horizontal line (straight line, “fluid line”) across thorax where there is a change in tone ventrally (dull) compared to dorsally

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9
Q

what if you note localized areas of dimnishe sounds (dull, “thud”)

A

either trapped fluid or increased tissue density

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10
Q

what is the rebreathing procedure used for

A

used to elicit and/or accentuate abnormal lung sounds by increasisn rate & depth of respiration.

can guide response to tx

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11
Q

what does a CBC tell us

A

evidence of infection (neutrophilic leukocytosis)

fibrinogen: inflammatory vs non-inflammatory, chronic vs acute & severity of dz

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12
Q

What other blood evaluation is important in resp cases

A

ABG: arterial O2 & CO2 tensions

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13
Q

What specialized diagnostic tool is used routinely in equine resp disorder eval

A

Endoscopy

most relevan in dx of upper airway disorderd

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14
Q

What common diagnostic tool is used to evaluate both upper & lower airways

A

radiography

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15
Q

How is u/s helpful with resp cases

A

looking at thoracic wall

pleural space

normal lung & space

* remember can’t see through interposed gas or bone!

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16
Q

What are 2 ways to sample pulmonary stuff

17
Q

what types of things can a TTW tell us

when is it indicated

A

cell types

can culture since sterile tech to perform

local or focal/multifocal dz

18
Q

when is a BAL indicated

A

diffuse dz

can’t culture as not sterile!

19
Q

what is the approach to eval resp cases

A
  1. categorize disease location
    1. upper vs lower airway
  2. categorize disease process
    1. infectious vs. non-infectious
20
Q

what will upper airway dz present with generally

A

unilateral or bilateral discharge

21
Q

which is the correct progressive order of respiratory structures from rostral to distal

A
  1. nares
  2. nasal passage
  3. ethmoid
  4. nasoharynx
  5. guttural pouch
  6. larynx
  7. trachea
22
Q

What helps categorize upper airway dz

A

unilateral or bilateral discharge

mostly or purely inspiratory component to difficulty or noise

absence of abn lung sounds on auscult

23
Q

what helps categorize lower airway dz

A

bilateral nasal discharge

symmetric airflow from nostrils

mostly or purely expiratory component to difficulty and/or associated abn sounds

abn lung sounds

24
Q

how to categorize infectious dz

A

serous (viral), mucoid/mucopurulent/purulent discharge

fever

mature neutrophilic leukocytosis w/ hyperfibrinogenemia on CBC however varies accordin to underlying cause, severity, chronicity & duration

25
how to categorize non-infectious dz
serous, maybe mucoid discharge if any normothermic CBC generally normal, generally normofibrinogenemic
26
examples of non infectious upper airway dz
allergic rhinitis DDSP LLH
27
examples of infectious upper airway dz
infectious sinusitis strangles Viral respiratory dz (VRD)
28
examples of infectious lower airway dz
pleuropneumonia foal pneumonia
29
examples of non-infectious lower airway dz
recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) smoke inhalation