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Pharmacology > Respiratory - EMILY > Flashcards

Respiratory - EMILY Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the mucociliary apparatus?

A

Ciliated cells and goblet cells that line the the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree

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2
Q

What is the site of airway constriction and dilation?

A

Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles because they are made of smooth muscle and no cartilage

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3
Q

What disappears in the transitional zone of the resp system?

A

Cilia and goblet cells

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4
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating allergies/inflammation?

A

-Decrease inflammation
-Improve mucociliary clearance
-Promote gas exchange

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5
Q

What kinds of drugs are used to treat allergies/inflammation?

A

-Steroids*
-Expectorants and mucolytics
-Bronchodilators

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6
Q

What type of drug is used to treat pulmonary edema and why?

A

Diuretics; reduces fluid content in lungs to improve gas exchange

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7
Q

What kind of drugs are used for treating coughing?

A

-Cough suppressants (antitussives)
-Expectorants and mucolytics
-Steroids

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8
Q

What type of drug would be used to treat exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage?

A

Diueretics

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9
Q

What kinds of drugs could be used to treat pneumonia?

A

-Antimicrobials
-Steroids/NSAIDS
-Expectorants and mucolytics
-Bronchodilators

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10
Q

What are the 3 main type of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions?

A

-Antitussives
-Expectorants and mucolytics
-Bronchodilators

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11
Q

What are the primary uses of cough suppressants in vet med?

A

-Tracheal collapse (dogs)
-Kennel cough (dogs)
-Cough suppression during diagnostic procedures (horses)

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12
Q

What are the 4 drugs commonly used to suppress coughing and what are they?

A

-Butorphanol (opioid)
-Codeine (opioid)
-Hydrocodone (opioid)
-Dextromethorphan (opioid derivative)

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13
Q

How is the cough reflex triggered?

A

Afferent pathways in the vagus nerve are stimulated and trigger the cough center in the medulla which stimulates respiratory muscles for coughing

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14
Q

What do antitussives do to the cough center in the medulla?

A

They make it less sensitive so it’s less likely to be activated

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15
Q

When should you NOT give an antitussive?

A

If the cough is productive (animal swallows after coughing). This could reduce helpful clearance of mucous and stuff which would be bad

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16
Q

What is the safest antitussive product for use in cats long-term?

A

Dextromethorphan. It does not act on opioid receptors so it is not physically addictive

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17
Q

What do expectorants do?

A

-Increase bronchial secretions
-Enhance mucociliary clearance
-Promote productive cough

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18
Q

What do mucolytics do?

A

Break down mucous secretions

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19
Q

Which 3 drugs are mucolytics?

A

-Acetylcysteine
-Dembrexine (sputolysin)
-Guaifenesin

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20
Q

Which 2 things are expectorants?

A

-Saline expectorants
-Volatile oils

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21
Q

How does acetylcysteine work?

A

The free sulfhydryl group on the drug breaks down disulfide bonds in mucoproteins

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22
Q

What are two situations where acetylcysteine could be used?

A
  1. Infused into gutteral pouch of horses to break down chondroids (mucous concretions)
  2. Enema in foals for refractory meconium impactions
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23
Q

What can acetylcysteine be given IV for?

A

Treating toxicities to acetaminophen and xylitol

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24
Q

What can happen in some patients if acetylcysteine is given in the inhaled version?

A

Can induce hypersensitivity reactions and bronchoconstriction in some patients

25
Q

What does dembrexine (sputolysin) do?

A

Alters the viscosity of mucous to make it easier to clear

26
Q

How is dembrexine (sputolysin) given?

A

Orally administered so it has systemic effects. May also have some antitussive effects

27
Q

What is dembrexine (sputolysin) used to treat?

A

Horses: RAO, IAD, pneumonia
Dogs: Otitis media with effusion (mucous plug in middle ear)

28
Q

What is guaifenesin?

A

Primarily a muscle relaxant, but also an expectorant/mucolytic

29
Q

How does guaifenesin work?

A

-Affects respiratory secretions via parasympathetic mechanisms stimulated by gastric mucosal irritation
-Enhances mucociliary apparatus function

30
Q

The _______ of a tube is much MORE important than its _______ in determining resistance to airflow

A

Radius; length

31
Q

Bronchioles consist of:

A

Smooth muscle only!!

32
Q

Bronchiolar smooth muscle innervation is primarily _______________

A

Parasympathetic

33
Q

What are the primary receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

M3 (muscarinic/cholinergic)

34
Q

Stimulation of M3 receptors in the bronchioles will cause:

A

Bronchoconstriction

35
Q

What other receptors are also present in bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

beta-2 receptors

36
Q

Stimulation of beta-2 receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle will cause:

A

Bronchodilation

37
Q

What are effective bronchodilators?

A

Anticholinergics (muscarinic antagonists)

38
Q

Anticholinergics will prevent what?

A

Parasympathetic bronchoconstriction

39
Q

What are 3 anticholinergic drugs that are bronchodilators?

A

-Atropine
-Glycopyrrolate
-N-butylscopolamine bromide (Hyoscine butylbromide)

40
Q

What are 2 drugs that are beta-2 agonists?

A

-Clenbuterol
-Albuterol/salbutamol

41
Q

What are 3 methylxanthines that cause bronchodilation?

A

-Aminophylline
-Theophylline*
-Caffiene

42
Q

Beta-2 agonists are Broncho-__________

A

Dilators

43
Q

Epinephrine is also a bronchodilator. What kind of drug is it?

A

Non-selective adrenergic agonist

44
Q

What is salbutamol/albuterol usually given as treatment for?

A

Asthma in horses and cats - generally for acute treatment

45
Q

Salbutamol/albuterol is a _______-acting bronchodilator

A

Short

46
Q

Why is salbutamol/albuterol given in an inhaled form?

A

-Rapid onset of action
-Reduced risk of adverse effects and drug interactions

47
Q

Why shouldn’t salbutamol/albuterol be given for extended periods?

A

-Tolerance can occur (tachyphylaxis)
-May be pro-inflammatory in cats

48
Q

Clenbuterol should NOT be given to which animals?

A

FOOD ANIMALS!!

49
Q

Clenbuterol is labelled for what?

A

Management of airway obstruction due to respiratory disease in horses (RAO, IAD)

50
Q

Clenbuterol must be combined with ____________ __________ to achieve desired effects

A

Environmental changes

51
Q

Clenbuterol is usually given as an adjunctive treatment with what other type of drug?

A

Steroids (inhaled or systemic)

52
Q

When does the maximum benefit of clenbuterol usually occur?

A

After 14 days of administration

53
Q

What can occur within 21 days of continuous administration of clenbuterol in horses?

A

Tachyphylaxis

54
Q

What is the most commonly used inhaled nasal steroid?

A

Fluticasone

55
Q

What is ciclesonide?

A

A steroid pro-drug used in the treatment of equine asthma

56
Q

What are the drug classes that can cause respiratory depression?

A

-General anesthetics
-Opioids
-Benzodiazepines

57
Q

What is doxapram?

A

A drug with specific respiratory stimulatory effects on the CNS

58
Q

What is a useful but controversial use of doxapram?

A

Using it to stimulate respiration in apneic neonates

59
Q

Doxapram _________ respiratory rate and volume, but arterial PaO2 may not __________

A

Increases; increase

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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