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Respiratory > Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

List different examples of suppressants

A

Codeine, dextromethorphan, pholcodine

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2
Q

What do antitussive drugs do?

A
  • Supress cough reflex via CNS action
  • Inhibit impulses to the muscles that are active during coughing
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3
Q

What are suppressants mainly?

A

Opioid based

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4
Q

What expectorant drugs are found in common cough syrups?

A

Ammonia, simple linctus, and guaifenesin

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5
Q

List the combining drugs that COPD is often treated with

A

Glucocorticoids
B2 agonists
Cromoglicate
Anticholinergics
Leukotriene antagonists
Methylxanthines

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6
Q

List some examples of Glucocorticoids

A

Budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, mometasone

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7
Q

List some examples of B2 agonists

A

Short acting - salbutamol, feneoterol
Long acting - bambuterol, terbutaline, formoterol, salmerol

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8
Q

List some examples of Anticholinergics

A

Ipratropium, tiotropium

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9
Q

List some examples of Leukotriene antagonists

A

Montelukast
Zafirlukast

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10
Q

List some examples of Methylxanthines

A

Theophylline
Aminophylline

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11
Q

What do B2 agonists do?

A

Stimulates b2 receptors found in airway, vascular and uterine smooth muscle.
This results in relaxation.

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12
Q

Whats the typical route b2 agonists are given?

A

Mostly orally

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13
Q

What are some side effects of B2 agonists

A

Palpitations
Tachycardia due to stimulation of b1 receptors in heart tremor due to stimulation of CNS

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14
Q

What is a caution of B2 agonists?

A

These drugs stimulate the heart so should be cautious when administering to those with cardiac disorders

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15
Q

What are some other effects of B2 agonists?

A

Headache, tension, peripheral vasodilation, muscle cramps, rash

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16
Q

What condition are Glucocorticoids used for?

A

Prophylaxis of chronic asthma

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17
Q

What does Glucocorticoids decrease?

A
  • Synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators
  • Infiltration and activity of inflammatory mediators
  • Oedema of the airway mucosa
  • Airway mucus production
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18
Q

What do Glucocorticoids increase?

A

The number of bronchial beta2 receptors and their responsiveness to beta2 agonists

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19
Q

What do Antimuscarinic Bronchodilators do?

A

Block the action of acetylcholine in bronchial smooth muscle.
This reduces intracellular GMP (guanine monophosphate synthetase) a broncho constructive substance

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20
Q

What is an example of a Antimuscarinic Bronchodilator?

A

Ipratropium Bromide (atrovent)

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21
Q

What do cromoglicates do?

A

Stabilise mast cells and prevent release of broncho constructive and inflammatory substances (histamines)

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22
Q

What are cromoglicates used for?

A
  • Primarily used as a preventive for exercises induced and allergic asthma
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23
Q

What do Cromoglicates not treat efficiently?

A

Treat an already manifested asthma attack

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24
Q

What are cromoglicates less effective than?

A

Glucocorticoids

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25
Q

How are cromoglicates administered?

A

Through inhalation

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26
Q

What do Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) do?

A

Act by supressing the effects of leukotrienes, compounds that promote bronchoconstriction as well as mucus production and airway oedema

27
Q

What do Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) help prevent?

A

Acute asthma attacks induced by allergens or other stimuli

28
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) are indicated in what treatment plan?

A

Long-term treatment plan for Asthma

29
Q

How are Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) administered?

A

Orally

30
Q

What are some side effects of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) ?

A

Fatigue, stomach pains, dizziness, headache, insomnia
Some may have allergic reaction

31
Q

What are Methylxanthines and what do they do?

A

Provide mild to moderate relaxation of muscles in the airway to decrease bronchospasm

32
Q

Methylxanthines are long lasting ____?

A

Bronchodilators

33
Q

What receptor are antihistamines?

A

H1 receptor antagonists

34
Q

What do Antihistamines do?

A

Inhibit smooth muscle constriction in blood vessels and respiratory and GI tract

35
Q

What do antihistamines decrease?

A

Capillary permeability
Salvation and tear formation

36
Q

Antihistamines bind to H1 receptors, what are they both called?

A

Central and peripheral

37
Q

What can antihistamines cause negatively?

A

CNS stimulation - anxiety and agitation especially in children

38
Q

What is a negative effect of Antihistamines?

A

Substantial anticholinergic (inhibits bronchoconstriction and reduction of mucus secretion) effects

39
Q

What are the treatment steps?

A
  1. B2 receptors - for relief only
  2. Glucocorticoids - to prevent
  3. Regular B2 long lasting agonists
    3a. Discontinue 3 and increase dose of glucocorticoids
  4. Add a leukotriene antagonist or slow release theophylline plus a regular b2 agonist
  5. Add a single dose of prednisolone
40
Q

What do you treat for Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Treat with mucolytics (make mucus less thick) and antibiotics

41
Q

What are blue inhalers?

A

Short acting B2 agonists like salbutamol

42
Q

What are green inhalers used for?

A

Long acting B2 agonists like salmeterol

43
Q

What are Brown/Beige/White/Red/Orange inhalers used for?

A

Steroid inhalers (like beclomethasone)
Usually preventers and the darker the colour, the stronger the dose

44
Q

What are pink/purple inhalers used for?

A

Regular combination inhalers such as fluticasone/salmeterol

45
Q

What does salbutamol do to the body?

A
  • Selective B2 adrenoceptor agonist
  • Stimulates the B2 receptors located in the airway smooth muscle of the lungs
  • Bronchodilatory effect
46
Q

Where are other receptors in relation to salbutamol located in?

A

Walls of the vascular smooth muscle - mile drop in BP
Uterus - causing relaxation of the uterine walls
- Also interferes with B1 receptors located in heart causing tachycardia

47
Q

What does Ipratropium Bromide do to the body?

A

Works as an antagonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

48
Q

What sort of bronchodilator is IB?

A

Anti-muscarinic

49
Q

When IB muscarinic cholinergic receptors meet the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, what happens next?

A

Effect of acetylcholine is therefore blocked on the muscarinic receptors in the bronchial mucosa
The parasympathic activity is inhibited allowing the sympathic nervous system to take over

50
Q

What sort of drug is Hydrocortisone?

A

A glucocorticoid produce by the adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal gland)

51
Q

What happens in the body in relation to Hydrocortisone?

A

Lipocortin production is increased which inhibits phospholipase A2 so that the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes is reduced

52
Q

What is reduced when Hydrocortisone is administered?

A

Production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

53
Q

What is Adrenaline?

A

A sympathomimetic (mimics the sympathetic nervous system)

54
Q

What does adrenaline do to the body?

A

Action upon B2 receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchi

55
Q

What is O2 essential for?

A

Cell metabolism

56
Q

What is GTN?

A

Potent vasodilator

57
Q

What does GTN release?

A

Releasing nitric oxide which causes smooth muscle to relax

58
Q

What does GTN relax?

A

Relaxing effects on the veins in muscles and reduce venous return to the heart

59
Q

What is decreased when administering GTN?

A

Pre-load is decreased
Also the pressure in both the pulmonary and systemic circulation

60
Q

In larger doses of GTN, what happens to the body?

A

Pressure in the entire systemic circulation is reduced

61
Q

What is Furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic

62
Q

What does Furosemide do?

A

Increases the blood flow to the kidneys and will therefore increase glomerular filtration

63
Q

What is reabsorbed back into the blood once Furosemide is given?

A

Sodium potassium and chloride from this filtrate are inhabited for being reabsorbed back into the blood

64
Q

What are sodium potassium and chloride held?

A

Lumen of the nephron with water so less water is reabsorbed this meaning more water is secreted in the urine therefore reducing systemic volume

Respiratory (4 decks)

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