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Respiratory > Bronchitis > Flashcards

Bronchitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bronchitis?

A

Where smoke irritates the lining of the bronchi and they become inflamed

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2
Q

What does the body attempt to do during bronchitis?

A

Clear the chemical irritants, and then ling produces mucus from the goblet cells

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3
Q

What clogs the airways?

A

The production of mucus is excessive and therefore clogs the airways

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4
Q

What is the common cause of Bronchitis?

A

Viral and bacterial infections

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5
Q

What is Acute Bronchitis?

A

usually caused by a viral infection - it lasts for a short period (a few weeks)

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6
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

More serious and lasts for more than three months and often recurs over several years

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7
Q

What is in the epithelial layer?

A

Inside the airways, the epithelial layer contains Goblet Cells

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8
Q

What are Goblet Cells

A

They produce mucus

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9
Q

What is the role of the mucus?

A

Mucus traps dust, microbes and other irritants preventing them entering the lungs

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10
Q

What do the lungs do in Bronchitis?

A

The lungs increase mucus production as a defence mechanism

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11
Q

What happens when there is excessive mucus?

A

Can caused clogged airways
Increase coughing
Potential for infection

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12
Q

What are the four symptoms of Bronchitis?

A

Coughing
Wheezing
SOB
Chest discomfort

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13
Q

Management and treatment of Bronchitis

A
  • Rest and hydration
  • Cough suppressants
  • Bronchodilators
  • Avoiding irritants
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14
Q

What causes the irritation in the airway?

A

Collection of chemicals, tar and other products of cigarette smoke

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15
Q

The ongoing mucus traps causes what?

A

Causes ongoing irritations
Inflammation to the bronchial tubes

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16
Q

How do we clear out the mucus and irritants?

A

Cough reflex

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17
Q

When coughing up mucus, what does this show?

A

Sputum may be discoloured from trapped irritants

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18
Q

What does chronic inflammation cause?

A

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of the Goblet Cells - more obstructive. This makes the goblet cells grow larger.

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19
Q

As the Goblet Cells become larger and more numerous, what does this cause?

A

Even more mucus which clogs the airway and therefore worsening the cycle of cough causing more difficulty in breathing.

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20
Q

What are the three treatment strategies to help with coughing and difficulty in breathing?

A

Bronchodilators - helps open the way
Corticosteroids - reduce inflammation
Expectorants - aids in mucus clearance

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21
Q

What does chronic inflammation and irritation cause?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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22
Q

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

This causes the bronchi wall to thicken

23
Q

What does this mean for the fibrosis tissues?

A

Do not contract and therefore lung function is impaired

24
Q

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

When the lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened due to chronic inflammation

25
Q

What can happen to the patient in severe cases?

A

Hypoxia

26
Q

What do the exposure to higher levels of CO2 cause?

A

This means the peripheral chemoreceptors, that once signalled to the brain to drive breathing, are no longer sensitive to CO2

27
Q

When the peripheral chemoreceptors are no longer sensitive to CO2 what does this cause?

A

Hypoventilation

28
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoxia?

A

SOB
Fatigue

29
Q

What are the two managements for hypoxia?

A

Oxygen therapy
Ventilatory support

30
Q

What is hypoxic drive?

A

Instead of the drive to breath being the detection of high CO2 it now reverts to detecting low levels of O2 instead

31
Q

What is the Assessment of Gas Exchange?

A

Regular monitoring of O2 and CO2 levels through arterial blood gas tests

32
Q

What is inadequate ventilation?

A

If the body relies too much on low CO2 levels it may not respond adequately leading to further hypoxia

33
Q

Hypoxia causes a reflex, which is what?

A

Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries in attempt to increase perfusion

34
Q

What does the ECG have for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Tall pointy p-waves

35
Q

When oxygen levels are low, the pulmonary arteries constrict. Why?

A

To improve blood flow to better oxygenate parts of the lungs

36
Q

What can the constriction of pulmonary arteries lead to?

A

Pulmonary hypertension where the pressure in the pulmonary arteries become too high

37
Q

What would the treatment and management be for pulmonary hypertension?

A
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Medications to reduce pulmonary artery pressure and improve blood flow
38
Q

What is Pulmonary Hypertension when linked to Right Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

Pulmonary Hypertension leads to an increase in pressure back down to the right side of the heart. Overtime this causes right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually right ventricular failure.

39
Q

What is the term Cor Pulmonale?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy or failure that occurs as a result of lung disease.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

SOB
Fatigue
Swelling in legs and ankles
Distended neck veins - increased pressure in venous system

41
Q

When giving O2 to those with pulmonary hypertension, what happens?

A
  • It will relieve the reflex vasoconstriction, causing a reduction in pulmonary perfusion.
  • It can relieve hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
42
Q

When hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is alleviated through O2 therapy, what does the body do?

A

Blood flow may be redistributed and in some cases this can result in reduced pulmonary perfusion to area that may not be effectively ventilated

43
Q

Patients with bronchitis, what are they sometimes referred to?

A

Blue bloaters - due to cyanosis as they are hypoxic

44
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

The body attempts to increase its oxygen-carrying capacity by producing more RBC - this is a response to chronic hypoxia.

45
Q

In relation to the kidney detecting low 02, what does the kidney do?

A

The kidney responds by increase production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC

46
Q

What does Polycythaemia do to the blood?

A

Increases RBC which can leads to thickened blood

47
Q

What can the thickened blood cause?

A
  • Elevated BP
  • Increased risk of thrombosis
  • Strain on heart as it works harder to pump thicker blood
48
Q

When erythropoietin travels through the bloodstream to the bone marrow, what does it bind to?

A

They bind to specific receptors in the bone marrow called erythroid progenitor cells

49
Q

Those with CKD, what does this do to the production of EPO?

A

They often experience anaemia therefore the production is reduced

50
Q

How does polycythaemia link to circulation?

A

Causes sluggish circulation and the pt will appear bloated and plethoric with cyanosis - especially when coughing or on exertion

51
Q

What does heightened RBC mass lead to?

A

Increased blood viscosity

52
Q

What can sluggish circulation lead to?

A

Reduce overall blood flow making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively and increases workloads on the heart and lungs

53
Q

What can help reduce blood viscosity?

A

Hydration

54
Q

What can be done to reduce mass and improve circulation?

A

Therapeutic phlebotomy which is the removal of blood

Respiratory (4 decks)

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