Respiratory Drugs

Question 1

movement of air from the atmosphere through the upper and lower airways to the alveoli

Answer 1

Ventilation

Question 2

process whereby gas exchange occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

blood flow at the alveolar capillary bed

Answer 3

Perfusion

Question 4

● the movement if molecules from higher to lower concentration
● takes place when oxygen passes into the capillary bed to be circulated and carbon dioxide leaves the capillary bed and diffuses into the alveoli for ventilatory excretion

Answer 4

Diffusion

Question 5

Upper respiratory tract consists of

Answer 5

nares
● nasal cavity
● pharynx
● larynx

Question 6

URI (Upper respiratory tract infections)

Answer 6

common cold (most prevalent URI)
● acute rhinitis
● sinusitis
● acute pharyngitis

Question 7

Drugs to manange cold symptoms

Answer 7

anti-histamines (H1 blockers)
● decongestants (sympathomimetic amines)
● antitussives
● expectorants

Question 8

H1 blockers/antagonists
● compete with histamine/prevents histamine
response

Answer 8

Antihistamine

Question 9

Antihistimine has 2 types

Answer 9

H1 - when stimulated, extravascular smooth muscles (nasal cavity lining) constrict.
H2– when stimulated, increase in gastric secretions (peptic ulcer)

Question 10

cause drowsiness, dry mouth, and other anticholinergic symptoms

Answer 10

First generation antihistamine

Question 11

First gen antihistamine

Answer 11

Brompheniramine Tannate
 Chlorpheniramine
 Clemastine fumarate
 Diphenhydramine
 Cyproheptadine
 Levoceterizine
 Azelastine and fluticasone

Question 12

 Its primary use is to treat rhinitis. Competes with histamine for binding at H1 receptor sites and antagonizes histamine effects.

Answer 12

Diphenhydramine

Question 13

 Are frequently called nonsedating antihistamines because they have little to no sedative effects.
 Cause fewer anticholinergic symptoms.

Answer 13

2nd generation antihistamine

Question 14

2nd Gen Antihistamine

Answer 14

 Azelastine – nasal spray  Cetirizine
 Fexofenadine
 Loratadine
 Desloratadine

Question 15

results from dilation of nasal blood vessels caused by infection, inflammation, or allergy. With this dilation, a transudation of fluid into the tissue spaces occurs that results in swelling of the nasal cavity.

Answer 15

Nasal Congestion

Question 16

Are administered by nasal spray or drops or intablet, capsule, or liquid form.

Answer 16

Nasal Decongestant(Sympathomimetic Amines)

Question 17

Stimulate the alpha-adrenergic receptors, producing vasoconstriction of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa. The result is shrinking of the nasal mucous membranes and a reduction in fluid secretion.

Answer 17

Nasal Decongestant mechanism of action

Question 18

Are available in tablet, capsule, and liquid form, and are used primarily for allergic rhinitis, including hay fever and acute coryza (profuse nasal discharge).
 These drugs are contraindicated or used with extreme caution in patients with hypertension, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus because they can increase these health problems.

Answer 18

Systemic decongestant (alpha-adrenergic agonists)

Question 19

Areeffectivefortreatingallergicrhinitisbecausethey have an anti-inflammatory action, thus decreasing the allergic rhinitis symptoms of rhinorrhea, sneezing, and congestion.
 These drugs may be used alone or in combination with an H1 antihistamine.
 Are sprayed or inhale into the nose.

Answer 19

Intranasal glucocorticoids

Question 20

 Act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex.
 If the cough is nonproductive and irritating, an antitussive may be taken.

Answer 20

Antitussives

Question 21

Loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing.

Answer 21

Expectorants
The most common expectorant in such preparations is guaifenesin.

Question 22

To ease expelling secretions from the lower respiratory tract.
 To produce a productive, less frequent cough. Mechanism of Action:
 Reduces viscosity and adhesiveness of tenacious secretions.

Answer 22

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Question 23

Is caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues.

Answer 23

COPD

Question 24

 Is an inflammatory disorder of the airway walls associated with a varying amount of airway obstruction.
 This disorder is triggered by stimuli such as stress, allergens, and pollutants.
 When activated by stimuli, the bronchial airways become inflamed and edematous, leading to constriction of air passages.
 Inflammation aggravates airway hyper responsiveness to stimuli, causing bronchial cells to produce more mucus, which obstructs air passages. This obstruction contributes to wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, chest tightness, and bronchospasm, particularly at night or in the early morning.

Answer 24

Asthma

Question 25

Is characterized by bronchospasm (constricted bronchioles), wheezing, mucous secretions, and dyspnea.
 There is resistance to airflow caused by obstruction of the airway.

Answer 25

Bronchial asthma

Question 26

Is a progressive lung disease caused by smoking or chronic lung infections.
 Bronchial inflammation and excessive mucous secretion result in airway obstruction.
 Productivecoughingisaresponsetoexcessmucous production and chronic bronchial irritation.

Answer 26

Chronic bronchitis

Question 27

Dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles is abnormal secondary to frequent infection and inflammation.
 The bronchioles become obstructed by the breakdown of the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa, and tissue fibrosis may result.

Answer 27

Bronchiectasis

Question 28

 Is a progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of the alpha1 -antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli (air sacs).

Answer 28

Emphysema

Question 29

Is a decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung.
 Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, lung tumors, thoracic deformities (scoliosis), and disorders that affect the thoracic muscular wall,

Answer 29

Restrictive Lung Disease

Question 30

Used to assist in opening narrowed airways.
 Sympathomimetics (adrenergics)
 Parasympatholytics (anticholinergic drugs,
ipratropium bromide)
 Methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline)

Answer 30

Bronchodilators

Question 31

Used to decrease inflammation.

Answer 31

Glucocorticoids

Question 32

Reduce inflammation in the lung tissue.

Answer 32

Leukotrine modifiers

Question 33

 Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by suppressing the release of histamine and other mediators from the mast cells.

Answer 33

Cromolyn