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Pharmaco 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of science of drugs.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living microorganism.

A

Drug

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3
Q

3 drug names

A

Chemical
Generic
Trade

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4
Q

Describe the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical name

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5
Q

Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council.
Shorter than chemical name.
Used as official listing of drugs.

A

Generic name

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6
Q

Drug registered trademark.
Use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent
owner or manufacturer.

A

Trade name

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7
Q

Drug is classified in 2 categories

A

Structure (ex. beta-adrenergic blockers) Therapeutic Use (ex. antibiotics, antihypertensive, antidepressants)

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8
Q

Pharmacologic principles

A

Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoeconomics

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9
Q

The study of how various drug forms (ex. tablet, capsule, syrup, parenteral) influence the way in which the drug affects the body.

A

Pharmaceutics

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10
Q

Different drug dosage forms that hv different pharmaceutical properties
Dosage form determines the rate of dissolution

A

Pharmaceutics

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11
Q

It serves as a barrier to prevent the gastric acids in the stomach from dissolving or degrading drugs that are taken orally.

A

Enteric coated drugs

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12
Q

Prolongs drug absorption and duration.

A

Extended release forms
Prolongs drug absorption and duration.
 SR (Slow Release / Sustained Release)
 SA (Sustained Action)
 CR (Controlled Release)
 XL (Extended Length)
 XT (Extended Time)

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13
Q

Pharmaceutic phases

A

Tablet-disintegration-dissolution

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14
Q

Breakdown of a tablet into small particles.

A

Disintegration

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15
Q

 Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.

A

Dissolution

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16
Q

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral, gastric mucosa, or the small intestine.

A

Enteral route

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17
Q

2 methods of administration of oral route

A

Applying topically to the mouth.
Swallowing for absorption along the GI tract into
system circulation.

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18
Q

is where the dosage form is placed under the tongue.
Rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa.

A

Sublingual route

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19
Q

is where the dosage form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch).

A

Buccal route

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20
Q

Advantages:
 Used in children
 Little or no first-pass effect
 Used in vomiting / unconscious patient
 Higher concentrations rapidly achieved

A

Rectal route

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21
Q

Parenteral route

A

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intra arterial
Intra articular

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22
Q

100% bioavailability.
 Desired blood concentration achieved.
 Large quantities.
 Used in patient with vomiting and diarrhea.
 Used in emergency situations.
 First pass avoided.

A

Intravenous

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23
Q

Absorption reasonably uniform.
 Rapid onset of action.
 Mild irritants can be given.
 First pass avoided.

A

Intramuscular

24
Q

Injected under the skin.
 Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.

A

Subcutaneous

25
Q

Drug is given within the dermis layer of skin.
 Painful
 Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs.

A

Intradermal

26
Q

Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joint cavities by expert.
Ex. hydrocortisone for rheumatoid arthritis

A

Intra-articular

27
Q

 Rarely used
 Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
diseases.

A

Intra-arterial

28
Q

is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin.
 Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane.
 Skin (ex. transdermal patches, ointments)
 Eye
 Nose ( ex. sprays)
 Ears
 Lungs (ex. inhalation)
 Vagina
 Urethra
 Colon

A

Topical administration / Topical route

29
Q

Absorption of drug through skin.
 Stable blood vessels

A

Transdermal

30
Q

A drug’s time to onset of action,time to peak effect, and duration of action.
Study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

31
Q

The study of what the body does to the drugs.
 Absorption
 Distribution
 Metabolism
 Excretion

A

Pharmacokinetics

32
Q

Is a phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or systemic circulation.
It usually occurs in the stomach, small intestine, and liver.
The first-pass effect happens most commonly when the drug is administered orally.

A

First-pass effect

33
Q

Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form.

A

Pharmacokinetics - Liberation

34
Q

Various release types

A

Immediate: formulated to release the medicinal drug without
delay.
Delayed: formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken (usually orally).
Extended: formulated to make the drug available over an extended period.

35
Q

3 major processes for drug absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane are:

A

 Passive Absorption
 Active Absorption
 Pinocytosis

36
Q

 The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.

A

Distribution

37
Q

Areas of rapid distribution:
Areas of slow distribution:

A

heart, liver, kidneys, brain
muscle, skin, fat

38
Q

The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite.

A

Metabolism

39
Q

Factors that decreased metabolism:

A

Cardiovascular dysfunction
 Renal insufficiency
 Starvation
 Obstructive jaundice

40
Q

Factors that increased metabolism:

A

Barbiturate Therapy
 Rifampin Therapy
 Phenytoin Therapy

41
Q

The elimination of drugs from the body.

A

Excretion
Organs: Kidney, Liver, Bowel

42
Q

The time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.
 A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed
from the body.

A

Half life

43
Q

The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

A

Drug action

44
Q

 The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.

A

Peak

45
Q

Require that drug products, both prescription and non-prescription, must be pure, effective, and safe.

A

Federal food, drugs, and cosmetics act of 1938

46
Q

Allows FDA to set good manufacturing practices and mandates regular inspections of production facilities. Transferred to FDA control of prescription drug advertising.

A

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

47
Q

Monitor, regulate, manufacture and marketing of drugs

A

1938: Food, Drug, and cosmetic act

48
Q

Established two classes of drugs: RX legend and OTC.

A

Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 act

49
Q

Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs.

A

Pure food and Drug Act

50
Q

Federal legislation

A

2003: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA)
2003: Pediatric Research Equity Act
2007: Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act -
mandate post marketing safety studies.
2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control
Act - regulate cigarettes by various measures.

51
Q

Components:
 Quality, affordable healthcare for all Americans.
 Improved quality and efficiency of health care.
 Prevention of chronic disease and improved public health.
 Improved access to innovative medical therapies.
 Community living services and supports.

A

2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

52
Q

shorten the time which new drugs could be developed and marketed.

A

1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act –

53
Q

Negligence
 Giving the wrong drug or dose that results in the
patient’s death.

A

Misfeasance

54
Q

Omission of a drug dose that results in the patient’s death.

A

Nomfeasance

55
Q

Giving correct drug via wrong route.

A

Malfeasance

Pharmaco 1 (4 decks)

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