Chapter 1 Flashcards
Study of science of drugs.
Pharmacology
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living microorganism.
Drug
3 drug names
Chemical
Generic
Trade
Describe the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
Chemical name
Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council.
Shorter than chemical name.
Used as official listing of drugs.
Generic name
Drug registered trademark.
Use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent
owner or manufacturer.
Trade name
Drug is classified in 2 categories
Structure (ex. beta-adrenergic blockers) Therapeutic Use (ex. antibiotics, antihypertensive, antidepressants)
Pharmacologic principles
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoeconomics
The study of how various drug forms (ex. tablet, capsule, syrup, parenteral) influence the way in which the drug affects the body.
Pharmaceutics
Different drug dosage forms that hv different pharmaceutical properties
Dosage form determines the rate of dissolution
Pharmaceutics
It serves as a barrier to prevent the gastric acids in the stomach from dissolving or degrading drugs that are taken orally.
Enteric coated drugs
Prolongs drug absorption and duration.
Extended release forms
Prolongs drug absorption and duration.
SR (Slow Release / Sustained Release)
SA (Sustained Action)
CR (Controlled Release)
XL (Extended Length)
XT (Extended Time)
Pharmaceutic phases
Tablet-disintegration-dissolution
Breakdown of a tablet into small particles.
Disintegration
Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.
Dissolution
The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral, gastric mucosa, or the small intestine.
Enteral route
2 methods of administration of oral route
Applying topically to the mouth.
Swallowing for absorption along the GI tract into
system circulation.
is where the dosage form is placed under the tongue.
Rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa.
Sublingual route
is where the dosage form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch).
Buccal route
Advantages:
Used in children
Little or no first-pass effect
Used in vomiting / unconscious patient
Higher concentrations rapidly achieved
Rectal route
Parenteral route
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intra arterial
Intra articular
100% bioavailability.
Desired blood concentration achieved.
Large quantities.
Used in patient with vomiting and diarrhea.
Used in emergency situations.
First pass avoided.
Intravenous
Absorption reasonably uniform.
Rapid onset of action.
Mild irritants can be given.
First pass avoided.
Intramuscular
Injected under the skin.
Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.
Subcutaneous
Drug is given within the dermis layer of skin.
Painful
Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs.
Intradermal
Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joint cavities by expert.
Ex. hydrocortisone for rheumatoid arthritis
Intra-articular
Rarely used
Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
diseases.
Intra-arterial
is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin.
Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane.
Skin (ex. transdermal patches, ointments)
Eye
Nose ( ex. sprays)
Ears
Lungs (ex. inhalation)
Vagina
Urethra
Colon
Topical administration / Topical route
Absorption of drug through skin.
Stable blood vessels
Transdermal
A drug’s time to onset of action,time to peak effect, and duration of action.
Study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what the body does to the drugs.
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Is a phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or systemic circulation.
It usually occurs in the stomach, small intestine, and liver.
The first-pass effect happens most commonly when the drug is administered orally.
First-pass effect
Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form.
Pharmacokinetics - Liberation
Various release types
Immediate: formulated to release the medicinal drug without
delay.
Delayed: formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken (usually orally).
Extended: formulated to make the drug available over an extended period.
3 major processes for drug absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane are:
Passive Absorption
Active Absorption
Pinocytosis
The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
Distribution
Areas of rapid distribution:
Areas of slow distribution:
heart, liver, kidneys, brain
muscle, skin, fat
The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite.
Metabolism
Factors that decreased metabolism:
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Renal insufficiency
Starvation
Obstructive jaundice
Factors that increased metabolism:
Barbiturate Therapy
Rifampin Therapy
Phenytoin Therapy
The elimination of drugs from the body.
Excretion
Organs: Kidney, Liver, Bowel
The time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.
A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed
from the body.
Half life
The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction
Drug action
The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.
Peak
Require that drug products, both prescription and non-prescription, must be pure, effective, and safe.
Federal food, drugs, and cosmetics act of 1938
Allows FDA to set good manufacturing practices and mandates regular inspections of production facilities. Transferred to FDA control of prescription drug advertising.
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
Monitor, regulate, manufacture and marketing of drugs
1938: Food, Drug, and cosmetic act
Established two classes of drugs: RX legend and OTC.
Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 act
Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs.
Pure food and Drug Act
Federal legislation
2003: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA)
2003: Pediatric Research Equity Act
2007: Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act -
mandate post marketing safety studies.
2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control
Act - regulate cigarettes by various measures.
Components:
Quality, affordable healthcare for all Americans.
Improved quality and efficiency of health care.
Prevention of chronic disease and improved public health.
Improved access to innovative medical therapies.
Community living services and supports.
2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
shorten the time which new drugs could be developed and marketed.
1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act –
Negligence
Giving the wrong drug or dose that results in the
patient’s death.
Misfeasance
Omission of a drug dose that results in the patient’s death.
Nomfeasance
Giving correct drug via wrong route.
Malfeasance
