respiratory distress syndrome and retinopathy of prematurity

Question 1

what is the pathology in RDS

Answer 1

lack of surfactant

Question 2

what produces surfactant

Answer 2

type II pneumocytes

Question 3

what happens if there isnt enough surfactant

Answer 3

alveolar collapse and inadequate gas exchange

Question 4

who is RDS worse for M/F

Answer 4

M

Question 5

can surfactant deficiency affect term babies

Answer 5

those with diabetic mothers

Question 6

what to give antenatally if preterm is expected

Answer 6

Glucocorticoids

Question 7

clinical signs of RDS

Answer 7

tachypnoea >60 breaths/min
particularly sternal indrawing
subcostal indrawing
nasal flaring
grunting
cyanosis

Question 8

how is supplementary oxygen given

Answer 8

nasal cannula CPAP

tracheal tube

Question 9

how do you wean babies from oxygen therapy

Answer 9

High-flow humidified oxygen

therapy, via nasal cannulae

Question 10

common complication of RDS

Answer 10

pneumothorax

Question 11

signs of pneumothorax

Answer 11

breath sounds and chest movement on the affected side are reduced

Question 12

how can you investigate pneumothorax

Answer 12

transillumination

Question 13

how to treat tension pneumothorax

Answer 13

chest drain

Question 14

common respiratory problems in preterm infants

Answer 14

apnoea and bradycardia

Question 15

what is the common cause of apnoea and bradycardia in infants

Answer 15

immaturity of central respiratory control

Question 16

how to resolve apnoea and bradycardia

Answer 16

gentle stimulation

Question 17

where does ROP affect

Answer 17

junction of the vascular and nonvascularised retina

Question 18

what happens in ROP

Answer 18

vascular proliferation

Question 19

what pathology does vascular proliferation lead to

Answer 19

retinal detachment, fibrosis and blindness

Question 20

what increases the risk of ROP

Answer 20

high concentrations of oxygen

Question 21

resp distress investigation

Answer 21

chest X-ray

Question 22

most common cause of RD in term babies

Answer 22

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn

Question 23

cause of Transient tachypnoea

Answer 23

delay in the resorption of lung liquid

Question 24

risk factor for Transient tachypnoea

Answer 24

C section

Question 25

predispositions to pneumonia

Answer 25

Prolonged rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis and low birthweight

Question 26

some causes of pneumothorax

Answer 26

meconium aspiration, respiratory distress syndrome or as a complication of ventilation

Question 27

causes of Persistent pulmonary hypertension of

the newborn

Answer 27

asphyxia, meconium aspiration, septicaemia or RDS

Question 28

pathology of PPHOTN

Answer 28

high pulmonary vascular resistance, there is right-to-left shunting within the lungs and at atrial and ductal levels

Question 29

signs of PPHOTN

Answer 29

cyanosis

Question 30

investigations of PPHOTN

Answer 30

chest x ray

echo

Question 31

treatment of PPHOTN

Answer 31

ventilation, NO, sildenafil

Question 32

wy are NO and sildenafil used in PPHOTN

Answer 32

vasodilators

Question 33

when is diaphragmetic hernia mostly diagnosed

Answer 33

antenatally using ultrasound

Question 34

diaphragmatic hernia presentation

Answer 34

failure to respond to resuscitation or as respiratory distress

Question 35

auscultation of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 35

apex beat and heart sounds displaced to the right side of the chest, with poor air entry in the left chest.

Question 36

diaphragmatic hernia investigation

Answer 36

chest and abdo xray

Question 37

management of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 37

nasogastric tube is passed and suction is applied to prevent distension of the intrathoracic bowel
surgical repair of the hernia

Question 38

DH sequely

Answer 38

pulmonary hypoplasia