175 (hypo) - 179

Question 1

RFs for hypoglycaemia

Answer 1

IUGR
preterm
diabetic mom
large for date
hypothermic
polycythemic
ill

Question 2

problem in IUGR and preterm for hypoglycaemia

Answer 2

low glycogen stores

Question 3

how does gestational diabetes cause hypogly

Answer 3

hyperplasia of the islet cellsin the pancreas causes high

insulin levels

Question 4

symptoms of hypoglycaemia in the preterm

Answer 4

jitteriness, irritability, apnoea, lethargy, drowsiness and seizures

Question 5

how to prevent hypoglycaemia

Answer 5

frequent milk feeding

Question 6

how to treat hypoglycaemia

Answer 6

IV glucose

Question 7

what if the baby dosent respond to IV glucose

Answer 7

glucagon or hydrocortisone

Question 8

what does a seizure look like in a child

Answer 8

rapid eye movement
change in respiration
clonic movement

Question 9

urgent differentials for seizure

Answer 9

hypoglycaemia

meningitis

Question 10

seizure 1st investigations

Answer 10

cerebral ultrasound- haemorrhage or cerebral malformation

Question 11

which artery infarction may present with seizure

Answer 11

middle cerebral artery

Question 12

when would you get a middle cerebral artery infaction seizure

Answer 12

12-48 hours

Question 13

diagnosis of middle cerebral artery infarction

Answer 13

MRI

Question 14

why do you get cleft lip

Answer 14

failure of fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary processes

Question 15

why do you get cleft palate

Answer 15

failure of fusion of the palatine processes and the nasal septum

Question 16

defects in pierre robin syndrome

Answer 16

micrognathia, posterior displacement of the

tongue and mid line cleft of the soft palate

Question 17

micrognathia

Answer 17

small jaw

Question 18

what causes oesophageal atresia usually

Answer 18

tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Question 19

what is tracheo-oesophageal fistula caused by usually

Answer 19

polyhydramnios

Question 20

presentation of oesophageal atresia

Answer 20

persistent salivation and drooling
coughing and choking on feeding
cyanotic episodes

Question 21

what does VACTERL stand for

Answer 21

Vertebral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheo-oEsophageal, Renal and Radial Limb anomalies

Question 22

small bowel obstruction presentation

Answer 22

persistent vomiting can be bile-stained

abdominal distension

Question 23

where is the dividing line between bile stained and non bile stained vomit

Answer 23

ampulla of vater

Question 24

would small bowel or large bowel obstrucions present first

Answer 24

small bowel

Question 25

small bowel obstruction linked to downs

Answer 25

duodenal stenosis

Question 26

some causes of small bowel obstruction

Answer 26

any atresia or stenosis
malrotation with volvulus
Meconium ileus
meconium plug

Question 27

what is meconium lieus linked to

Answer 27

CF

Question 28

investigations of small bowel obstruction

Answer 28

abdo xray

Question 29

name a large bowel obstruction disease

Answer 29

Hirschsprung disease

Question 30

what is the pathology in hirchsprung disease

Answer 30

Absence of the myenteric nerve plexus

Question 31

hirchsprung disease presentation

Answer 31

no meconium

distension

Question 32

Bile-stained vomiting is from ? ? until proved otherwise

Answer 32

intestinal obstruction

Question 33

what is exomphalos/omphalocele

Answer 33

umbilical hernia covered with a transparent sac formed by the amniotic membrane and peritoneum

Question 34

gastroschisis

Answer 34

bowel herniates adjacent to the umbilicus, and there is no covering sac

Question 35

gastroschisis immediate treatment

Answer 35

wrapped in several layers of clingfilm to minimise fluid and heat loss