Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

What are the two different types of acute respiratory failure? Briefly describe them.

Answer 1

Acute hypoxemic - unable to adequately oxygenate, low PaO2 and normal or slightly low PaCO2

Acute hypercapnic - inadequate alveolar ventilation

Question 2

With acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, what is the main piece of evidence that indicates it?

Answer 2

PaO2 of 55mmHg or less

Question 3

What are some things that can cause acute hypoxemic respiratory failure?

Answer 3

decreased FiO2

hypoventilation

diffusion impairment

ventilation perfusion mismatch

shunting

Question 4

What does PaO2 and PaCO2 look with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure? What is another name for this type of respiratory failure?

Answer 4

elevation in PaCO2 and a relative preservation of PaO2 or a slight decrease

Another name for this is ventilatory failure

Question 5

What are some things that can cause acute hypercapnia?

Answer 5

increased exercise

overfeeding

hyperthyroidism

burns

fever

sepsis

decreased elimination of CO2 (lack of respiratory drive, muscular disorder, increased respiratory compliance)

increased work of breathing with COPD commonly (increased dead space)

asthma (increased airway resistance)

thoracic abnormalities that may restrict lungs (pneumothorax, pleural effusion, ect..)

Question 6

Regardless of the type of acute respiratory failure, what is the hallmark sign?

Answer 6

Hypoxemia!

also hypoventilation

Question 7

What is the definition of acute respiratory failure? (PaO2, PaCO2, pH)

Answer 7

PaO2 - 55 mmHg or less

PaCO2 - greater than 50 mmHg

pH - less than 7.35

Question 8

Where should you look in the book to find some causes of acute respiratory failure?

Answer 8

p. 582 box 26-13

Question 9

LOOK AT TABLE 26-15 for management of respiratory failure!

Answer 9

DO IT NOW

Question 10

What are the cardinal symptoms of hypercapnia?

Answer 10

dyspnea and HA

Question 11

What is the cardinal symptom of hypoxemia?

Answer 11

dyspnea

Question 12

What are some other symptoms of hypercapnia to assess for?

Answer 12

peripheral and conjunctival hyperemia

Question 13

What the minimal SaO2 to maintain for someone with hypoxemia to be considered reversed? does correction of hypoxemia to precedence over possible attenuation of respiratory drive?

Answer 13

90%

yes, after over 90% oxygen should be titrated

Question 14

What are the three characteristics of ARDS?

Answer 14

pathologic changes in lung vascularity

noncardiac pulmonary edema

impaired gas exchange

Question 15

What are the three things that compose virchows triad?

Answer 15

hypercoagulability

vascular endothelial wall damage

venous stasis