Respiratory Disorder Flashcards
► Caused by stimulation of the nerves of the respiratory tract mucosa by the presence of
dust, chemicals, mucus, or inflammation
Cough
Cough Sound is caused by ______ movement past the lungs
rapid expiratory air
► blue tinge to the skin
► Indicates hypoxia
Cyanosis
► Used to clear excess mucus or foreign bodies from the respiratory tract
cough
During cough, Increases _______; decreasing ________ to the heart
Increases chest pressure;
decreasing venous return to the heart
►Series of expiratory coughs after a deep inspiration
Paroxysmal cough
► Due to decreased oxygen in body cells (hypoxia)
Restlessness
► Change in the angle between the fingernail and the nailbed because of increased capillary
growth in the fingertips
Clubbing of Fingers
2 Normal Breath Sounds
- Vesicular Breathing
- Tubular or Bronchial Breathing
►Snoring sound which connotes obstruction in the nose or pharynx
Rhonchi
softer and longer inspiratory sound
Vesicular Breathing
►Extra or abnormal breath sounds
Adventitious Breath Sounds
Provide information about the oxygenation of the blood
Blood Gas Analysis
longer and softer expiratory sound
Tubular or Bronchial Breathing
►Fine crackling sounds heard over the alveoli
Rales
►Harsh, strident sound on inspiration which connotes obstruction at the base of the tongue or in the larynx
Larygeal Stridor
►Elongated anteroposterior diameter of the chest caused by air trapping
Pigeon Chest
4 components of Blood Gas Analysis
► Partial Pressure of O2
► Partial Pressure of CO2
► pH
► HCO3
►Expiratory whistle sound
Wheeze
Measures adequacy of oxygen saturation of haemoglobin
Partial Pressure of O2
► Invasive method of determining the effectiveness of ventilation and acid-base status
Blood Gas Analysis
Pulmonary Function Studies Measures the force of _____________
inertia, elasticity, and flow resistance
Measures the efficiency of ventilation
Partial Pressure of CO2
Measures the acidity or alkalinity of the blood
pH
►Continuous, non-invasive measurement of oxygen saturation
►Electrodes are heated to 44°C attached to the chest causing vasodilation and brings peripheral arterial blood to the surface to be read for oxygen content
Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring
► Measures the compensation of the body to increased or decreased carbonic
acid in the body
HCO3
► Reveals information about the microorganisms causing the disease of the upper respiratory tract
Nasopharyngeal Culture
►Continuous, non-invasive technique for measuring oxygen saturation in the hemoglobin
►A sensor and a photodetector are placed under a vascular bed where an infrared light is passed
Pulse Oximetry
►Analysis of specimen coughed out
►Teach to deep breath several times and cough out into a clean specimen cup
Sputum Analysis
►Diagnose an infection by the respiratory syncytial virus
►1-2 ml of sterile normal saline is instilled to the nose and then aspirated and sent to laboratory for analysis
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nasal Washings
► Involves changing the child’s position to help move mucus, initiate cough
reflex, and be expelled
Chest Physiotherapy
Semi-Fowler’s Position Drains mucus from the _______
anterior bronchi
► Show areas of infiltration or consolidation in the lungs
► Ask patient to hold breath during the procedure
► Remove jewelries
Chest X-ray
► Introduction of radiopaque solution in the respiratory tract through USN
or catheter before an X-ray study is performed
Bronchography
► Measures the force of inertia, elasticity, and flow resistance
► Child breathes into a spirometer, a device that records the force of air
exchange
Pulmonary Function Studies
►Mechanical devices that provide a steam of moistened air directly
into the respiratory tract
►Means of delivering respiratory tract medications
Nebulizers
► Liquefy mucus
Liquefying Agents
Hallow plastic tube containing a brightly colored ball or domeshaped disc that will rise in the tube when a child inhales through the attached mouthpiece and tubing
Incentive Spirometry
►Emit a steam of air moistened by fine droplets of water into a room,
providing either warm or a cool mist to the entire room
Vaporizers
Chest Physiotherapy Positioning
► Trendelenburg
► Semi-Fowler’s Position
► Supine
► Prone
Prone Drains mucus from _________
posterior bronchi
Chest Physiotherapy 3 Techniques:
►Postural Drainage
►Percussion
►Vibration
Trendelenburg Removes mucus from the _________
lower lobes and bronchi
►Opening into the trachea to create an artificial airway to relieve respiratory obstruction that had occurred above the point
Tracheostomy
Supine Drains mucus from the _____
anterior bronchi
►Pressing a vibrating hand against a child’s chest during exhalation
Vibration
►Cupping, striking a cupped or curved palms against the chest
Percussion
Oxygen Administration Types:
►Oxygen hood
►Nasal Catheter
►Oxygen Mask
►Looks like a small plastic pipe where the child breathes in and the ball inside the device causes vibration to the lungs
Mucus Clearing Device (Flutter Device)
►Elevates the arterial oxygen saturation level by supplying more oxygen to the RBC by the respiratory tract
Oxygen Administration
Pharmacologic Therapy
►Nasal Sprays
►Antihistamines
►Decongestants
►Expectorants
►Bronchodilator
►Antibiotic
►Corticosteroids
►Metered Dose Inhaler
► Hand held device used to provide a route of medication administration directly to the
respiratory tract
Metered Dose Inhaler
►Devices that encourage children to inhale deeply to aerate lungs fully and move mucus
Incentive Spirometry
►Remove mucus from the respiratory tract
with the use of a catheter
Suctioning Technique
Breathing Techniques that Helps better inflate and more fully empty the alveoli:
►Blowing a cotton
►Pursed lip breathing
►Blowing a balloon
►Procedure to create an airway on the cricoid cartilage
Tracheotomy
Suctioning Technique is done every ___ minutes for the length of ___ seconds
15 minutes for the length of 15 seconds
►Nasal or Oral Intubation
►Preferred means of bypassing upper airway obstruction and allowing free entry of air to the trachea
Endotracheal Intubation
►Device that measures the amount of CO2 in inhaled or exhaled breaths
Capnometer
►Positive pressure machine which delivers moistened or nebulized air or oxygen to the lungs under enough pressure and with
appropriate timing to produce artificial, periodic inflation of alveoli
Assisted Ventilation
►May involve a single lung, or it can be done in conjunction with a heart transplant if respiratory disorder had caused the ventricular hypertrophy of the heart
Lung Transplantation
causes of Acute Nasopharyngitis
rhinovirus
coxsackie virus
respiratory syncytial virus
adenovirus, and
parainfluenza and influenza virus
Lung Transplantation has a Possibility for children with ____________
chronic respiratory illness
► Congenital obstruction of the posterior nares by an obstruction membrane or
bony growth, preventing a newborn from drawing air though the nose and down
into the nasopahrynx
Choanal Atresia
► Most frequent infectious disease in children
► 2-3 days incubation period
Acute Nasopharyngitis
►Infection and inflammation of the throat
Pharyngitis
►Infection of the lymph nodes that drain the nasopahrynx behind the posterior pharynx wall
Retropharyngeal Abscess
types of Pharyngitis
Viral Pharyngitis
Streptoccocal Pharyngitis
► Infection and inflammation of the palatine tonsils
Tonsillitis
► Infection and inflammation of the adenoid tonsils
Adenitis
►Nosebleed
Epistaxis
Management for Epistaxis
►Keep in an upright position with head tilted forward
►Apply pressure at the sides of the nose with fingers
►Calm the child
►Occurs as a secondary infection to streptococcal, staphylococcal, or H.
influenza organisms
Sinusitis
►Inflammation of the larynx
►Occur from complication of pharyngitis, excessive use of voice, shouting or loud cheering
Laryngitis
►Infant’s laryngeal structure is weaker than normal and collapses more than usual on inspiration
►Produces laryngeal stridor present from birth
Congenital Laryngomalacia/ Tracheomalacia
►Inflammation of the epiglottis
Epiglottitis
►Inflammation of the larynx, trachea and major bronchi
►Caused by viral infection (parainfluenza)
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
►Inhalation of foreign object into the airway
Aspiration
►Inflammation and infection of the major airway
Influenza
►Obstruction of the right bronchus
►Alveoli distal to the obstruction will collapse as the air remaining in
them becomes absorbed (atelectasis)
►Hyperinflation and pneumothorax may occur
Bronchial Obstruction
Causes of Influenza
orthomyxovirus influenza type A, B, or C
►Inflammation of the fine bronchioles and small bronchi
►Cause: adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchiolitis
►Inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea
►Causes: influenza virus, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae
Bronchitis
►When a child fails to respond to therapy and an attack continues
►Complications: heart failure
Status Asthmaticus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Bronchiolitis is Caused by _______
pathogenic RNA virus
►Immediate hypersensitivity response (Type I)
►Most common chronic illness in children
►Maybe intermittent or chronic
Asthma
► Chronic dilation and plugging of the bronchi
Bronchiectasis
►Follows an upper respiratory tract infection
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
►Infection and inflammation of the alveoli
►Maybe viral or bacterial
Pneumonia
Types of Pneumonia:
►Hospital-acquired(streptococcal or pneumococcal)
►Community-acquired (chlamydia, viral)
Pneumococcal Pneumonia:
►Infants: ___________
►Older children: _________
►Infants: bronchopneumonia with poor consolidation
►Older children: pneumonia with consolidation
►Caused by viruses of the upper respiratory tract infection
Viral Pneumonia
►Caused by chlamydia thracomatis
►Contracted from the mother’s vagina during birth
Chlamydial Pneumonia
►Caused by mycoplasma organisms which are similar to viruses but much larger
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
►Caused by aspiration of an oily or lipid substances
►Maybe caused by aspirated oily foreign bodies
Lipid Pneumonia
► Caused by aspiration of hydrocarbon bases (furniture polish, cleaning fluids, turpentine, kerosene, gasoline, lighter fluid, and insect spray)
Hydrocarbon Pneumonia
►Collapse of the lung alveoli
►Maybe a primary or secondary condition
Atelectasis
► Occurs in newborn who do not breath with enough respiratory strength at birth or inflate lung tissue or whose alveoli are immature or so lacking in surfactant that they cannot expand
Primary atelectasis
► Occurs when children have a respiratory tract obstruction that prevent sir from entering a portion of the alveoli
Secondary atelectasis
► Presence of atmospheric air in the pleural space which causes the alveoli to collapse
► Caused when air seeps from a ruptured alveoli and collects in the pleural cavity or external punctured wounds
Pneumothorax
► Occur from a combination of surfactant deficiency, barotrauma, oxygen toxicity,
and continuing inflammation
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
►Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
►MOT: inhalation of infected droplets
►Incubation period: 2-10 weeks
Tuberculosis
►Generalized dysfunction of the exocrine glands
►Mucus secretions are so tenacious that they have difficulty flowing
through the gland ducts
►Marked electrolyte change in sweat gland secretions
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis is Caused by the ___________
long arm of chromosome 7
