GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Flashcards
Abnormal restriction of the tongue caused by
an abnormally tight frenulum (the membrane
attached to the lower anterior tip of the tongue
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
(TONGUE TIE)
Mesentery of the bowel
twisted. Thicker than usual meconium
formation blocking
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Arises from an embryonic fault that leaves a
cyst formed at the base of the tongue, which
then drains into a fistula (opening) to the
anterior surface of the neck
THYROGLOSSAL CYST
It may occur in conjunction
with cleft lip
CLEFT PALATE
Failure of the maxillary and median
nasal process to fuse in intrauterine
life. Small notch in the upper lip and facial
structure up into the floor of the
nose, with even the upper teeth and
the gingiva absent
CLEFT LIP
PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME Triad disorders:
⚬ Micrognathia (small mandible)
⚬ Cleft palate
⚬ Glossoptosis ( a tongue malpositioned downward)
Failure of the palatal process to close in intrauterine life. Usually in midline and may
include the hard and soft palate.
CLEFT PALATE
TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND
FISTULA types: The esophagus ends in a blind pouch; there is a ________ between the distal part of the esophagus and the trachea
tracheoesophageal fistula
Extremely hard portion of meconium that has
completely blocked the intestinal lumen,
causing bowel obstruction
MECONIUM PLUG SYNDROME
Is a protrusion of abdominal contents
through the abdominal wall at the point
of the junction of the umbilical cord and
abdomen
OMPHALOCELE
The herniated organs are usually the
intestines, but they may include the
stomach and the liver. Covered and contained by a thin transparent layer with the umbilical
cord protruding from the sac
OMPHALOCELE
Abdominal wall disorder in
which the abdominal organs
are not contained by a
membrane but rather spill
freely from the abdomen
GASTROSCHISIS
most common site of intestinal obstruction
Duodenum
a management for meconium ileus where this incise the bowel and remove the meconium
Laparotomy
Obstruction of the intestinal lumen
by hardened meconium caused by
cystic fibrosis at the ileus level
MECONUM ILEUS
Stricture of the anus
IMPERFORATE ANUS
Protrusion of the a portion of the
intestine through the umbilical ring,
muscle, and fascia surrounding the
umbilical cord
UMBILICAL HERNIA
Protrusion of the abdominal organ (usually the
stomach or intestine) through a defect in the
diaphragm into the chest cavity
DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
Bulging protrusion under the skin at
the umbilicus
UMBILICAL HERNIA
Excess of CSF in the ventricles or the subarachnoid space
HYDROCEPHALUS
a type of hydrocephalus if fluid reaches the spinal cord
Communicating
Hydrocephalus/Extraventricular hydrocephalus
type of hydrocephalus that Block to the passage of CSF
Obstructive Hydrocepahlus/
Intraventricular Hydrocephalus ■
Holding a bright light such as flashlight against the skull with the child in a darkened room
Transillumination
The term _____ (Latin for “divided spine”) is most often used as a collective term for all spinal cord disorders, but there are well-defined degrees of spina bifida involvement, and not all neural tube disorders involve the spinal cord.
spina bifida
• is absence of the cerebral hemispheres
• It occurs when the upper end of the neural tube fails to close in early intrauterine life
ANENCEPHALY
• Brain growth is so slow that it falls more than three standard deviations below normal on growth charts
MICROCEPHALY
Cause might be a disorder in brain development associated with an intrauterine infection such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis.
MICROCEPHALY
• occurs when the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to fuse
SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA
This occurs most commonly at the fifth lumbar or first sacral level but may occur at any point along the spinal canal.
SPINA BIFIBA OCULTA
Meninges covering the spinal cord herniate through unformed vertebrae
MENINGOCELE
Appears as a protruding mass,
usually approximately the size of an orange, at the center of the back
MENINGOCELE
• the spinal cord and the meninges protrude through the vertebrae the same as with a meningocele
MYELOMENINGOCELE
Spinal cord ends at the point, so motor and sensory function is absent beyond this point
MYELOMENINGOCELE
• Cranial meningocele or myelomeningocele
• Occurs most often in the occipital area of the skull but may occur as a nasal or nasopharyngeal disorder
ENCEPHALOCELE
• The specific anomaly is a projection of the cerebellum, medulla
oblongata, and fourth ventricle into the cervical canal
• Causes the upper cervical spinal cord to jackknife backward,
obstructing CSF flow and causing hydrocephalus
ARNOLD-CHIARI DISORDER (CHIARI II MALFORMATION
• Overgrowth of the neural tube in weeks 16 to 20 of fetal life
ARNOLD-CHIARI DISORDER (CHIARI II MALFORMATION
• Congenital skeletal disorders may result from reasons such as maternal drug ingestion, virus invasion during pregnancy, or amniotic band formation in utero.
ABSENT OR MALFORMED EXTREMITIES
⚬ Presence of one or more additional fingers or toes
Polydactyly
Two fingers or toes are fused
Syndactyly
⚬ Indentation of the lower portion of the sternum
Pectus excavatum
⚬ the sternum is displaced anteriorly, increasing the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest
Pectus carinatum
____ is a term derived from tortus (twisted) and collum (neck)
Torticollis (wry neck)
____ occurs as a congenital anomaly when the sternocleidomastoid muscle is injured and bleeds during birth
Torticollis (wry neck)
• Premature closure of the sutures of the skull
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
• Failure of bone growth inherited as a dominant trait
ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)
• It causes a disorder in cartilage production in utero
ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)
The epiphyseal plate of long bones cannot produce adequate cartilage for longitudinal bone growth, which results in both arms and legs becoming stunted.
ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)
• Ankle–foot disorders, popularly called clubfoot
TALIPES
Assessment/signs and symptoms of talipes:
⚬ Asymmetry of leg length
⚬ Foot turns in
plantarflexion or “horsefoot” position with the forefoot lower than the heel)
Talipes Equinus
dorsiflexion; the heel is held lower than the forefoot or the anterior foot is flexed toward the anterior leg
Talipes calcaneus
the foot turns in
Varus deviation
Improper formation and function of the hip socket; Subluxation or dislocation of the head of the femur; acetabulum of the pelvis is flat
DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLASIA
one knee will appear to be lower than the othe
Galeazzi sign
⚬ The maneuver is easily performed
by adducting the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying light pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly. If the hip is dislocatable - that is, if the hip can be popped out of socket with this maneuver - the test is considered positive.
Barlow’s Maneuver
⚬ It is performed by an examiner first
flexing the hips and knees of a supine infant to 90 degrees, then with the examiner’s index fingers placing anterior pressure on the greater trochanters, gently and smoothly abducting the infant’s legs using the examiner’s thumbs.
Ortolani’s Sign
